ACCIDENT DETECTION AND AVOIDANCE USING VEHICLE TO VEHICLE COMMUNICATION (V2V)

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 10 Issue: 05 | May 2023 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2023, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 8.226 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1396
ACCIDENT DETECTION AND AVOIDANCE USING VEHICLE TO VEHICLE
COMMUNICATION (V2V)
B. Akilesh1, A. Ashfaq2, V. Jagan3, S. R. Malathi4
1234Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering,
Sriperumbudur, TamilNadu
---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - The number of road accidents has been
increasing every year, resulting in a significant loss of life and
property. The lack of advanced safetymeasures invehicles and
irresponsible drivingbehaviorlikedrunkdrivingarethemajor
causes of these accidents. The demand for a reliable and
efficient safety system that can prevent road accidents and
reduce the number of fatalities is increasing. There is a need
for a system that can detect collisions and drunk driving and
send alerts to the concerned authorities in real-time with
minimum delay. Currently, there are some existing safety
systems that can detect collisions and perform alcohol
detection at vehicle start, but they do not provide a
comprehensive solution to the problem. The proposed safety
system utilizes advanced sensor technologies such as crash
sensors, acceleration sensors, vibration sensors, alcohol
sensors, IR sensor, GPS and GSM modules. The proposed safety
technique integrates Vehicle-to-Vehicle(V2V)communication
and has a basic automated parking feature, which can park
the vehicle safely if the driver is detected to be under the
influence of alcohol. The automatic parking feature enables
the vehicle to slow down along with automatic turning ON of
the parking indicator and alsosteeringthevehicletowards the
sideways of the road for parking. The system can detect
collisions and drunk driving in real-time and sendalertstothe
concerned authorities in the form of a URL which denotes the
exact location. The vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communication
feature ensures that other vehicles ontheroadareinformed of
the drunk driving situation, thereby reducing the risk of
further accidents. The proposedsafetysystemcansignificantly
reduce the number of accidents caused by collisionsanddrunk
driving, ultimately leading to a reduction in the loss of life and
property.
Key Words: Arduino UNO, Crash, Vibration,
Accelerometer, GPS, GSM, V2V, Automated parking.
1. INTRODUCTION
Road accidents have been a major cause of loss of life and
property, and the number of such accidents has been
increasing every year. The major causes of these accidents
are the lack of advanced safety measures in vehicles and
irresponsible driving behavior. The demand for a reliable
and efficient safety system that can prevent road accidents
and reduce the number of fatalities is increasing. One of the
critical factors that contribute to such accidents is the delay
in ambulance arrival time [7-8]. In many cases, by the time
medical help reaches the accident site, itisoftentoolate,and
precious lives are lost. This delay is usually due to traffic
congestion or the inability to locate the exact location of the
accident. There is a need for a system that can detect
collisions and drunk driving andsendalertstotheconcerned
authorities in real-time with minimum delay. Existingsafety
systems can detect collisions and perform alcohol detection
at vehicle start, but they do not provide a comprehensive
solution to the problem. Advanced sensor technologiessuch
as crash sensors, acceleration sensors, vibration sensors,
alcohol sensors, GPS, and GSM modules where it isproposed
in [6]. Whereas our proposed system can send alerts to the
concerned authorities in the form of a URL that sends
geographical co-ordinates.Alcohol consumptioncanimpaira
driver's judgment, coordination,andreactiontime,makingit
extremely dangerous to operate a vehicle. While the use of
alcohol sensors is becoming more common in vehicles to
prevent drunk driving, they only check for alcohol
consumption at the start of the vehicle [11]. This means that
a driver may start driving while sober, but their alcohol
levels may increase as they continue to drive, leading to
dangerous situations on the road. Our proposed system can
detect drunk driving in real-time and also enables the
automated parking of the vehicle as a line follower robot
prototype as in [10], thereby reducing the risk of accidents
while parking. TheV2Vcommunicationfeaturethathasbeen
implemented using nRF24L01 model ensures that other
vehicles on the road are informed of the situation [9],
reducing the risk of further accidents. The proposed safety
system provides a comprehensive solutiontothe problemof
road accidents and can significantly reduce the number of
fatalities caused by such accidents.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
In [1], the author proposed a an IoT-based system to reduce
road accidents in Bangladesh, the system also sends an SMS
alert with location data to the vehicle owner in case of an
accident with unknown causes, but there may be
compatibility and reliability issues in areas with poor
connectivity or outdated infrastructure.
Sharanabasappa, J. N. et.al [2], discussed how IoT can help
solve social problems, specifically, driving under the
influence. By embedding sensors into vehicles, IoT can
monitor drivers and prevent drunk driving. While this
solution has potential, its effectiveness is limited by the cost

of implementing the technology and the willingness of
individuals to adopt it.
Divi, L. K. et.al [3] determines that the accident detection
system is an important tool that can potentially save many
lives by quickly alerting emergency services when an
accident occurs. It uses vibration and accelerometersensors
to detect accidents and also has the capability to detect
alcohol in the driver's system. However, its effectiveness is
limited by the availability and reliability of the network and
the quality of the sensors used. Furtherresearchisneeded to
optimize the system for real-world use.
Venkata Ramani Shreya Yellapantula.et.al [4]examined V2V
technology for improving heavy road vehicle safety, but
limitations include complex traffic environments and the
impact of latency on collision avoidance algorithms. The
study suggests a variable time headway and minimal impact
of latency on vehicle spacing, but further research is needed
to evaluate effectiveness in diverse traffic scenarios and
preventing collisions with non-motorized road users.
Ghatwai, N. G. et.al [5] observed the use of wireless
communication technologies for vehicular networks can
greatly improve road safety and efficiency. This paper
presents an implementation of a completevehicle-to-vehicle
communication system and a blind spot detection system
using ultrasonic sensors, Raspberry Pi, RF modules,andGPS
modules. Limitations include the need for further testing in
complex traffic environments and the high implementation
costs.
In the paper [6], [7] the authors developed a proposal to
increase road safetyisthedrowsinessandaccidentdetection
system, which utilizes sensors like vibration, heartbeat rate,
and eye flicker. This system not only alerts the driver but
also sends alerts to the driver's family through GPS and GSM
technology in case of an accident or abnormal driver
behavior. In addition, GPS technologycanbeusedtomonitor
a vehicle's speed in real-time and detect accidents. When an
accident occurs, the system can send the accident location,
time, and speed to an Alert Service Center to improve
emergency response times and potentially save lives.
Choudhury, A. et.al [8], discussed the problem ofautomobile
accidents due to poor communication and delayed medical
assistance. The proposed solution involvesusinganArduino
device to detect accidents, monitor the driver's heart rate,
locate the accident, and send an SMS to the nearest hospital,
police station, and driver's relative with a Google Maps link
to the location and heart rate of the driver for the quickest
arrival of medical assistance and better chances of survival.
In [9], the author describes a wireless alarm system
designed for residential areas. The system is controlled by a
microcontroller and uses the nRF24L01 wireless
communication module for two-way transmission. The
design aims to achieve frequency stability, reception, and
emission integration. Users can sendalarmsignalsthrougha
sub-machine, and the host-machine receives and displays
their address before sending out a warning. The system has
undergone multiple experiments and has been found to be
effective in timely warning users.
The paper [10] focuses on a specific type of robot, the
sensor-based black line follower, which follows black lines
on white backgrounds or vice versa and suggests that these
robots have potential applicationsinindustrial anddomestic
settings, such as transportation, delivery services, and floor
cleaning. This paper outlines a simple and cost-effective
circuit design for the black line follower robot and discusses
its practical implementation.
3. PROPOSED SYSTEM
3.1 OBJECTIVE
The primary goal of this effort is to lower the number of
fatalities brought on by auto accidents and also the most
important factor for the dangerous problem facing society.
Various factors involved in car collisions such as drunk
driving. In this work, the post-accident safety, information
system and autonomous system is what we suggest. As is
common knowledge, when an accident occurs, the injured
victim may not be able to call for help, and due to improper
care, it is also possible that the person may have to losetheir
life. Consuming alcohol during driving can seed serious
accidents for various reasons and sometimes death since
many drivers can't control the vehicles. This technique is
extremely beneficial in this type of emergency to preserve
lives, receive medical care quickly and prevent tragic
accidents. The system architecture of the system we've
proposed is in the below Fig -1.
Fig -1: Block Diagram

3.2 SYSTEM MODEL
The accident will be detected by our suggested system,
which will then inform others so they can respond
appropriately. The ARDUINO UNO board, Accelerometer,
Crash sensor, Vibration sensor, GPS Module, GSM Module,
MQ3 Alcohol sensor, NRF24L01 Module, L293D Motor
Driver and IR sensor make up the entire system. The
position of the car is initially detected using an
accelerometer. Crashsensor andvibrationsensorareusedto
check for collisions, and the GSM module activates them to
send messages.
These sensors' primaryfunctionistofindtheaccident. When
an automobile accident happens, the GPS system
immediately records the accident's current coordinates.
Following that, the coordinates will convert into a URL
(Google maps) and is given to the GSM Module, which
promptly transmits it to the corresponding authorities so
they can act appropriately without wasting any time.
The MQ3 Alcohol sensor used for detecting alcohol by
breathing directly into it, then microcontroller will act
accordingly in response to the detected alcohol percentage
by transmits a signal via a NRF24L01 (radio transceiver) to
rear vehicles on the road, indicating that the driver is under
the influence of alcohol and intends to turn left. As a result,
the left indicator of the vehicle begins to blink, and the
vehicle automatically slows down and turns left by
controlling the DC motors. To control motor movements a
driver circuit L298N IC is used. The system utilizes infrared
sensors for line sensing when approaches the solid white
edge line. The Arduino microcontroller receives the input
signal from infra-red sensors and sent the output signal to
DC motor driver L293D. Once the vehicle crosses the line
then double indicator on the vehicle starts to blink to alert
other drivers to indicating the vehicle's intention to stop.
3.2.1 ARDUINO
The Arduino UNO board serves as the system's
microcontroller. The Arduino board has currently been
employed in a variety of IoT-based applications due to its
ease of integration with various devices (such as sensors,
different modules, etc.). The Arduinoplatformhasbeenused
for the programming. It has an integrated development
environment (IDE) built in to interface with many kinds of
devices. A programming language like C is essentially open-
source software that connects to the Arduino hardware and
allows you to upload any programme using a USB cable.
3.2.2 ACCELEROMETER
An electromechanical tool called an accelerometerisused to
measure acceleration. It might be static (likethesteadyforce
of gravity) or dynamic (like moving or vibrating). The
transducer that detects acceleration and is used to detect
object movement is called an accelerometer. A 3-axis
accelerometer called the ADXl335 is employed in this
system. It is a low-profile MEMS sensor made up of micro-
structures on a silicon wafer that are held in place by
polysilicon springs. It establishes the object's coordinate
with respect to Earth using gravitational attraction. It has
two supply pins and three analogue pinsforthethreeaxes.It
is primarily used for scrolling, vehicle crash detection, etc.
3.2.3 CRASH SENSOR
Electromechanical technology is used in crash sensors. It
detects force using actuators that are positioned at the front
and back. Our suggested system finds the collision brought
on by the mishap. Depending on the force, it employs
forming or breaking the electrical connection. This sensor's
primary mode of operation is to determine if an object is
present or absent from the environment inordertoestimate
the likelihood that an event will occur.
3.2.4 VIBRATION SENSOR
3.3 to 5 volts are required to operate the SW-420 vibration
module. The sensor uses an LM393 comparator to detect
whether a vibration exceeds a threshold and output digital
data (Logic Low or Logic High, 0 or 1). When the sensor is
functioning normally, it outputs logic low; when a vibration
is detected, it outputs logic high. Three peripherals are
included in the module: two LEDs, one for power status and
the other for sensor output. Additionally, a potentiometer is
available for adjusting the vibration's threshold point. The
module will be powered by 5V in this project.
3.2.5 GSM MODULE
One type of circuit for establishing connectivity between a
mobile device and the GSM network is a GSM module. The
most crucial component of this module is the modem, which
is powered by the power supply circuit to establish
connectivity with the network and send messages. It is very
helpful to convey information to the concerned authorities.
via a GSM-based communication system. The data on the
Arduino board has been transmitted in this system. Here,
voice calls and text messages can be made and received to
the predefined person using the GSM module SIM900A that
is attached to the Arduino board. Dual-Band 900 MHz and
1800 MHz are used by the module, which runs on a 3A
power source.
3.2.6 GPS MODULE
This module is highly useful for using the GPS system to find
where an accident occurred. This information can also be
used to monitor the vehicle's speed, which is very useful for
estimating the likelihood of a collision. The NEO 6M GPS
module has been utilised in this system to locate thecar.The
main advantages of this module are that it is simple to
integrate with the Arduino module, simple to use, and
responsive, all of which are extremely helpful when sending

the location to the predetermined number in ordertoobtain
assistance as quickly as possible. Three satellites are used to
track the location out of the 27 satellites in orbit.
3.2.7 MQ3 ALCOHOL SENSOR
Utilising the MQ3 Alcohol Gas Sensor, it was created. This
less expensive semiconductor indicator can detect alcohol
concentrations between 0.05 and 10 mg/L. Its conductivity
reduces as the concentration of alcohol gases increases.This
has a very high susceptibility to alcohol and a very high
tolerance to smoke, fog, and fuel disruptions. This module
offers both optical and analogue outputs. Similar to a
standard breathalyser, this sensorisexcellentforidentifying
alcohol concentrations in your breath.
3.2.8 NRF24L01 in V2V COMMUNICATION
The nRF24L01 is an industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM)
band 2.4GHz ultra-low power (ULP) 2Mbps RF transceiver
IC. with peak RX/TX currents less than 14mA,a sub-Apower
down mode, sophisticated power management,anda supply
voltage range of 1.9 to 3.6V. A full 2.4GHzRF transceiverthat
supports a high-speed SPI interface for the application
controller is integrated inside the nRF24L01.The primary
function of the V2V system is to enable communication
between the vehicles whenever alcohol consumption is
detected, though the majority of communication consists of
information being broadcast from vehicle to vehicle. Each
manage specific numerous signals indicating that "I am
drunk and i want to take a free left," which isthe maintask of
the V2V system.
3.2.9 IR SENSORS
The technology that our vehicle isproposingusesIR sensors,
which are made up of two diodes, one of which emitsrays,to
sense the line. It must be given to another. If the receiver can
pick up the reflected ray, the robot is on black, and if it can't,
the vehicle is on white. IR reflectance sensors have a
matched pair of infrared transmitter and receivers. These
gadgets measure the amount of light thatisreflectedintothe
receiver in order to function. Because the receiver also
responds to ambient light, the device functions best when
ambient light is effectively blocked and when there isa close
proximity (less than 5mm) between the sensor and the
reflecting surface. For the detection of white and black
surfaces, IR reflectance sensors are frequently employed.
Black surfaces reflect badly while white surfaces typically
reflect well.
3.2.10 MOTOR DRIVER L293D
A motor driver L293D is used to regulate motor motions. DC
motors, pins, and relays receive control signals from this
twin H-Bridge motor driver circuit. This concurrently
controls the direction and speed of a pair of DC motors. The
electrical circuit can operate DC motors with maximum
current ratings of 2A and voltage ratings ranging from 5 to
35 Volt. Two DC motors rotate the wheels in either a
clockwise or anticlockwise motion. The motor speed is
slowed down by the reduction gears. DC motor goes
rearward when input at pins 1 and 2 is high or low,
accordingly. However, when the input at pins 1 and 2 is low
or high, respectively, the motor will advance. When both
inputs are the same, the motor will halt.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
After functioning of the project, it’s time to have a glance at
hardware. Fig. 1. is the image of the alcohol Detection
System. When the switch of battery is ON, the entire circuit
gets power and starts functioning.
When the condition is normal, meaning no ethanol is
detected in the driver's breath within the 0 to 25 cm i.e.,
between the steering and the driver (d) sensed by the MQ3
sensor, the vehicle continues moving forward.
However, when the sensed ethanol value in the driver's
breath exceeds the legal drinking limits (greater than 400),
the controller promptly triggers the nRF24L01 module to
send alert message, which is installed in the vehicle. The
nRF24L01 is a wireless transceiver module designed to
operate within the worldwide ISM frequency band. This
module enables the transmissionandreceptionofdata using
a specific radio frequency for communication purposes.
Fig-2: Working model of alcohol Detection System
When the sensed ethanol value crosses the threshold
(greater than 400), the nRF24L01 immediately sends an
alert message to the tailgatingvehicleswithinmicroseconds,
informing them of the drunk driving situation. Additionally,
it notifies the tailgating vehicles that the vehicle is about to
take a free left for auto-parking.
Simultaneously, the vehicle slows down, activates the left
indicator, and steers towards the sideways of the road for
parking. This maneuver is facilitated by an IR sensor fixedat
the bottom of the vehicle, which detects the parking line.

Once the IR sensor crosses the white line, the parking line
sensor sends a signal of '1' to the controller, indicating that
the vehicle has reached the parking area.
Upon successfullyparking,thevehicle'sengineautomatically
turns ‘OFF’, and the parking sidelights are turned ‘ON’.
tabular representation of the vehicle's movementduringthe
entire operation is shown in the TABLE-1.
TABLE-1: Accident-avoidance module
Fig-3. shows the image of the Accident Detection System.
When the battery switch is turned ‘ON’, the entire circuit
receives power and starts functioning.
Fig-3: Working model of Accident Detection System
In the ideal state, the micro-controllerbeginsmonitoringthe
accelerometer sensor, crash sensor, and vibration sensor
values. To test the system, an accident scenario was
simulated by vigorously shaking the vehicle and crashing its
sides.
After conducting a test where the module was vigorously
shaken under rough road conditions, the sensor's readings
were recorded, and the correspondingoutputwasobserved.
It was concluded from the test that the threshold value
should be set to a value lower than 50. The output of the
crash sensor can only be '0' or '1'. Under normal conditions,
it continuously outputs '1' until a sudden impact occurs,
which triggers a switch to '0'. Therefore, the threshold value
is defined as '0'.
When the output of the vehicle's vibration sensor exceeds
the threshold value simultaneously with a suddenimpact on
the crash sensor, it indicates that the vehicle has been
involved in an accident. The behavior of the system under
various conditions is presented in Table-2.
TABLE-2: Accident detection module
Explanation of Table-2. under two conditions:
1. When the system is not considered an accident:
The vibration sensor readings were observedas1019,1020,
and 1015, all indicating that the vibration didn't exceed the
threshold value of 50. The crash sensor reading for each
observation was 1, suggesting no impact or sudden crash
was detected. Hence, the system will continue monitoring
the sensor readings.
2. When the system is considered an accident:
The vibration sensor readings were observed as 23, 22, and
24, all indicating that the vibration exceeded the threshold
value. The crash sensor reading for each observation was 0,
indicating a sudden impactonthecrashsensorwasdetected.
In this case, both sensors exceeded their thresholds, and the
system classifies it as an accident. An alert message, along
with the GPS location of the vehicle, will be promptly sent to
notify the registered authority via the GSM Modem. If both,
the vibration sensor readings indicate high levels of
vibration and the crash sensor detects a sudden impact, the
controller will determine that the vehicle has been involved
in an accident. In such a scenario, the controller will
immediately send an alert message, along with the precise
GPS location of the vehicle, to theregisteredauthorityvia the
GSM Modem, as depicted in Fig-4.
When the vehicle met with an accident, the accelerometer
sensor detects the sudden change in acceleration and
deceleration. The sensor measures the changes in the
vehicle's velocity along the X, Y, and Z axes, and if there is
sudden changes in X, Y, and Z axes, the accident is
determined.

At the point when the measured X, Y and Z axis by
accelerometer sensor crosses the actual vehicle threshold
value, it implies that the vehicle has been met with an
accident and the controller immediately sends emergency
alert message along with GPS location of the vehicle.
At the point when our vehicle is hit by another vehicle from
the front side then it is supposed to be front accident. The
MEMS Accelerometer will detect the X and Y coordinates of
our vehicle and if MEMSX >=160mV and MEMSX <= 175mV
and MEMSY >= 180mV and MEMSY <= 195mV finishes upas
Front Accident. One of the type of accident occursamong the
four types of accidents.
At the point when our vehicle is hit by other vehiclefrom the
left side then it is supposed to be left accident. The MEMS
Accelerometer will detect the X and Y coordinates of our
vehicle and if MEMSX >= 185mV and MEMSX <= 200mV and
MEMSY >= 160mV and MEMSY <= 175mV the sensor
finishes up as Left Accident.
right side then it is supposed to be right accident. The MEMS
vehicle and if MEMSX >=130mV and MEMSX <= 150mV and
MEMSY >= 160mV and MEMSY <= 175mV the sensor closes
as Right Accident
posterior then it is supposed to be back accident The MEMS
vehicle and if MEMSX >=160mV and MEMSX <= 175mV and
MEMSY >= 130mV and MEMSY <= 150mV the sensor closes
as Back Accident.
When the accident is detected the emergency alert message
along with GPS location of the vehicle as shown in the Fig.-4.
is sent to the registered authority by the GSM Modem
Fig-4: Screenshot of message received
5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
The proposed system utilizing advanced sensors such asthe
crash sensor, acceleration sensor, and vibration sensor can
address some of the common issues faced by individuals
overseeing a large number of automobiles.thedata collected
can be used to manage traffic flow and reduce congestion on
the roads. These advanced features can further enhance the
safety and efficiency of our proposed safety system and
make driving safer for everyone on the road. Overall, the
proposed system is a significant step towards improving
road safety by not only detect accidents and inform
concerned authorities but also in reducing the number of
accidents.
The system can be further improved by incorporating
machine learning algorithms for more accurate predictions
of collision detection. Additionally, our project can be
extended to include more advanced features such as
predictive maintenance, driver behavior analysis,andtraffic
management. The data collected by various sensors can be
analyzed to predict potential maintenance issues and alert
the driver before any major breakdown occurs.
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