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Acid soil and their management
- 1. Acid soil Pedogenic process,Characteristics, Impact on soil property & Management Prepared by K.Maheshwaran I M.Sc (Soil science) ADAC&RI 2016-17
- 2. Contents ā¢ Introduction ā¢ Classificationof acid soil ā¢ Occurrence of Acid soil ā¢ Sources of acid soil formation ā¢ Process of acid soil formation ā¢ Characteristics of Acid soil ā¢ Kinds of acidity ā¢ Impact on soil property ā¢ Management of soil acidity ā¢ Conclusion ā¢ References
- 3. Acid soil ā¢Soil withlow pH contain relatively high amounts of exchangeable H+ & Al 3+considered as the acid soil. ā¢Ultra acidic : 3.3 ā¢Extremly acidic : 3.5 to 4.5 ā¢Very strong acidic: 4.5 to 5.0 ā¢Strong acidic : 5.1 to 5.5 ā¢Moderately acidic: 5.6 to 6.0 ā¢Slightly acidic : 6.1 to 6.5
- 4. Occurrence ā¢ 157 Mha cultivable land in India 49 M ha of land are acidic ā¢ pH >5.6= 26 M ha ā¢ pH 6.5= 23 M ha ā¢ Acid soil occupies only 8% of total geographical area in India. ļ¼Arunachal Pradesh - 6.79 M ha ļ¼Assam - 4.66 M ha ļ¼Manipur - 2.19 M ha ļ¼Meghalaya - 2.24 M ha ļ¼Mizoram - 2.05 M ha ļ¼Tripura - 1.05 M ha
- 5. Sources of acidsoil formation
- 6. Different sources forformation acid soil ā¢Rain fall ā¢Parent materials ā¢Fertilizer application ā¢Plant root activity ā¢Decomposition of organic matter ā¢Climate ā¢Vegetation cover ā¢Topography ā¢Human interference
- 7. Rain fall ā¢Mostly foundin excess rain fall areas (Hilly areas). ā¢Excess rain fall leaches base cation from the soil. ā¢Additionally rain water has a slightly acidic pH is 5 ā¢Creates base unsaturation. ā¢Increase the percentage of Hydrogen and Aluminium ion in soil
- 8. Parent materials ļ¼The developmentof acid soil on acidic rocks like Granite, Gneiss, quartz silica. ļ¼When these rocks lacks bases, produce acidity in soil after decomposition by weathering ļ¼ Silicic acid- Orthosilicic acid & trisilicic acid Reason for development of acid soil from parent material ļ¼Parental rock with simple composition. ļ¼Less adsorbed cation. ļ¼Poor buffering capacity. ļ¼Quick percolation of water through them.
- 9. Fertilizer use ā¢Repeated applicationof ammoniacal fertilizer leads to formation of acid soil. ā¢Ammonium sulphate & Ammonium nitrate fertilizer reacts in the soil process is called nitrification to form a nitrate. ā¢This process release the Hydrogen ions.
- 11. Plant root activity ā¢Plantuptake nutrients in the forms of both anion and cation ā¢Plant must maintain a neutral charge in their roots ā¢In order to compensate the extra positive charge- they release the H+ ions. ā¢Some plants roots produce the organic acid ā acid soil.
- 12. Decomposition of organicmatter Decomposition process requires the microorganism Microorganism - release the CO2 CO2 reacts with soil water can produce the carbonic acid. Acid soil
- 13. Climate ā¢Humid region developmentof acid soil good because where evaporation is less than precipitation ā¢Acid soil must receive more than 750 mm annual rainfall. ā¢Temperate region the acid soil can develop even if rain fall scanty. ā¢Hilly region evaporation is very slow due to very low temperature.
- 14. Vegetation cover ā¢Temperate regionareas covered with conifers - acid soil develop easily. ā¢Foliage of conifers lacks alkali substances. ā¢Leaf-litter on ground is degraded organic acids (fulvic acid) produced its makes soil become acidic. ā¢Coastal region & marshy places plants after the death & decay produce acid which render the acidic
- 15. Topography ā¢Sloppy places withgood drainage condition are supposed to be development of acid soil. ā¢Development of acid soil is very easy in hill slope ā¢In plains with good drainage condition enhance the acid soil.
- 16. Human interferences ā¢Improving drainagein submerged lands ā¢In Cauvery delta region acid soil is formed due to application ammoniacal fertilizer. ā¢Regular use of nitrogen fertilizers. ā¢Industrial wastes containing sulphur / Sulphur dioxide contribute acid soil.
- 17.
- 18. Laterization ā¢Occurs in tropicaland sub tropical. ā¢Laterites are formed from the leaching of parent rocks (Granite, Basalts, schist, sandstone). ā¢Laterites soils are rich in Al & Fe- Acidic in nature. ā¢Aluminium ore exist in clay minerals. ā¢Due to leaching acid dissolving the parent mineral lattice. ā¢Easily leached ions of Ca, Mg, Na, K.
- 19. Podzolisation ā¢Process of soilformation especially in humid region. ā¢It involves mobilization and precipitation of dissolved organic material and soluble mineral like Al & Fe are leached from A horizon to B horizon. ā¢Its formed under moist, cool & acidic condition. ā¢Especially where the parent material such as quartz. ā¢Siliceous material creates strong acidic
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- 21. Physical ā¢Light texture soil ā¢Highpermeability ā¢Poor water holding capacity ā¢Poor cation exchange capacity ā¢Poor organic matter content
- 22. Chemical ā¢ Base unsaturatedsoil ā¢ More anions than cations. ā¢ Active and potential soil acidity. ā¢ Toxic effects of Al concentration more. ā¢ At low pH - Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co availability is more ā¢ P, Ca, Mg is less
- 23. Biological ā¢Fungi population ismore than that of bacteria ā¢Fungi cause root disease. ā¢Rate of decomposition of biological material and rate of mineralization and nitrification are reduced when acidity is increased.
- 24. Kinds of acidity Activeacidity Exchange acidity Residual acidity Total acidity
- 25. Impact on soilproperties Physical Chemical Biological
- 26. Physical ā¢In strongly acidsoils the potential for reduced vegetation - soil losses due to water & wind erosion are also increased. ā¢low pH soils are more loosely held together - degraded through external influences such as high rainfall events, drought.
- 28. Chemical ā¢Low pH ā¢More anionfixing capacity ā¢High percentage of base unsaturation ā¢Decrease the availability of P ā¢Aluminium toxicity is more ā¢Ca, Mg levels are decreased ā deficiency occur ā¢Mo level decreased ā deficiency occur ā¢Restriction of nitrogen fixation in legumes
- 30. Biological ā¢ Low soilpH leads to reduced growth of beneficial organisms. ā¢ Low pH results in a change in the microbial decomposition processes (essential for the release of nutrients from organic matter). ā¢ Symbiotic relationships between native vegetation and soil organisms ā¢ Decreasing the survival of native vegetation. ā¢ Earthworms and some insects are unable to tolerate low -lead to poorer soil structure and reduced organic matter decomposition
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- 32. Application of limingmaterials Different liming material to reclamation of acid soil ā¢ Oxides - CaO ā¢ Hydroxides - Ca(OH)2 ā¢ Carbonates - CaCO3 ā¢ Silicate of calcium - CaSiO3
- 33.
- 34. Oxides of lime 2CaO+ Soil (H++Al3+) + H2O Soil(Ca)+Al(OH)3 Hydroxides of lime 2Ca(OH)2+ Soil (H+ + Al3+) Soil (Ca)+ Al(OH)3 + H2O Silicates of Calcium 2CaSiO3 +3H2O+ Soil (H++Al3+) Soil (Ca)+2H2SiO3 + Al(OH)3
- 35. Solubility and qualitiesof lime ā¢Lime is lowly soluble in water- particles must be finely ground to neutralize soil acidity. ā¢Very small changes in the sizes of the particles have a major effect on the time required to dissolve them. ā¢Effectiveness depends - Purity of the liming material & how finely it is ground. ā¢The lower the CCE value, the more lime you will need to neutralize the soil's acidity
- 36. Particle size distribution& efficiency
- 37. ā¢liming eliminates toxicAl3 +and H+ through the reactions with OHā. ā¢Excess OHā from lime will raise the soil pH, which is the most recognizable effect of liming. ā¢Another benefit of liming is the added supply of Ca2+,as well as Mg2+
- 38. Benefits Before liming Afterliming Root
- 42. Effects of overliming ā¢ Deficiency of Fe, Cu, Zn, P, K ā¢ Increment of OH- activity may cause root injury ā¢ Over liming Boron deficiency occur ā¢ Too much application of lime increase the pore space in the soil- soil dries up- efficiency of water use is low
- 43. Crop residues ā¢Soil pHchanges after the addition of chickpea & canola residues. ā¢The greatest increase in soil pH occurred after chickpea addition as it is easily mineralized. ā¢ Chickpea has a potential alkalinity. ā¢The soluble fraction was the main source of alkalinity within the first 2 days. Kochian LV, Hoekenga OA, Pineros MA (2004)
- 44. ā¢ Basic cationswhich are released during decomposition of crop residuces increase the pH (Noble and Randall, 1999). ā¢ The excess cation content, indicative of ash alkalinity, represents the liming potential of residues (Noble et al., 1996). (Rukshana et al., 2009).
- 45. Effects of unburnedLime on Soil pH and Acidic Soil ā¢The lime materials used were agricultural burned lime and 3 unburned lime materials ļ¼Karongi ļ¼Musanze ļ¼Rusizi ā¢Fineness of agricultural burned and Musanze unburned lime were higher (70.57 and 63.03%, resp.). C. Yamoah etal 1996
- 46. ā¢The increase ofMg saturation was observed only with Karongi unburned lime application. ā¢Use of 2.8 t/ha of Rusizi or Musanze unburned lime as alternative to the agricultural burned lime ā decrease soil acidity. C. Yamoah etal 1996
- 47. Comparison of agriculturallime and quick lime Crop: Lucerne Agriculture lime : Increased pH from 5.3 to 5.6 Reduced Al level from 2 to 1.3 me/100g Moir et al 2009
- 48. Neutralization of soilacidity by animal manures & Comparison Five animal manures ā¢Rabbit manure ā¢Swine manure ā¢Goat manure ā¢Poultry manure ā¢Cow manure Hue et al. (1986),
- 49. Reactions ā¢Organic manures mineralize-Ca ions are released into the soil solution. ā¢Ca ions get hydrolysis process. ā¢Calcium hydroxide formed reacts with soluble aluminum ions in the soil solution to give insoluble Al(OH)3. Hue et al. (1986),
- 50. Chemical composition ofanimal manure Animal manure Ca Mg Rabbit manure 1.37 2.16 Swine manure 1.37 1.30 Goat manure 1.37 0.83 Poultry manure 1.24 0.89 Cow manure 1.12 1.94 Ano et al 2007
- 51. Acidity under successive pigslurry applications ā¢Pig slurry application as soil manure can alter the chemical properties of the soil and affect its acidity, modifying the environment for crop growth and development. ā¢Deceased the acidity to a depth of 8cm. Cledimar RogĆ©rio Lourenzi et al. 2008
- 52. ā¢The application ofpig slurry increased soil pH ā¢The applications also resulted in accumulation of Ca and Mg exchangeable levels in the surface layers, increasing base saturation and reducing Al3+ saturation. Cledimar et al. 2008
- 53. Natural resources ā¢ Nitrateleaching considered to be the dominant mechanism for accelerated acidification ā¢ The growing of deep-rooted perennial pastures (lucerne) is seen as an answer to slowing the acidification process (Ridley et al. 1998). ā¢ This could be achieved by perennial plants using available nitrogen more efficiently thereby reducing nitrate leaching. ā¢ The native eucalypts increase the surface soil pH (Wilson 2002)
- 54. Selection of crops Highlytolerant ā¢ Strawberry ā¢ Goose berry ā¢ Plum ā¢ Radish ā¢ Sweat potato ā¢ Pepper ā¢ Beans ā¢ Cabbage ā¢ Carrot Moderately tolerant ā¢ Pineapple ā¢ Orange ā¢ Litchi ā¢ Jack fruit ā¢ onion ā¢ Tomato Slightly tolerant Mango Banana Guava Cashew
- 55. Conclusion ā¢ Soil acidityis a serious problem in agricultural land ā¢ We improve soil health ā practice various management practices ā¢ Based on soil test value recommend the fertilizer ā¢ Judicious application of nitrogenous fertilizer ā¢ To advice the farmer should know about soil test technology
- 56. References ļ¼Butterly CR, BuenmannEK, McNeill AM, Baldock JA, Marschner P (2009b) Carbon pulses but not phosphorus pulses are related to decreases in microbial biomass during repeated drying and rewetting of soils. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 41, 1406-1416. ļ¼Isbell RF (1996) 'The Australian Soil Classification.' (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne). ļ¼A. S. Awad, D. G. Edwards, and P. J. Milham, āEffect of pH and phosphate on soluble soil aluminium and on growth and composition of kikuyu grass,ā Plant and Soil, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 531ā542, 1976.
- 57. References ā¢ Asghar M,Kanehiro Y (1980). Effects of sugar-cane trash and pineapple residue on soil pH, redox potential, extractable Al, Fe and Mn. Trop. Agric. (Trinidad) 57: 245-258. ā¢ Bartlett RJ, Riego DC (1972). Effect of chelation in the toxicity of aluminum. Plant Soil 37: 419-423. ā¢ Hue NV, Craddock GR, Adams F (1986). Effect of organic acids on aluminum toxicity in sub soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 50: 28-34. ā¢ Hue NV, Amien I (1989) Aluminum detoxification with green manures. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 20: 1499 ā 1511
- 58. References ā¢ Alam, S.M.,Naqvi, S.S.M. and Ansari, R. (1999) Impact of Soil pH on Nutrient Uptake by Crop Plants. In: Pessarakli, M., Ed., Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress, New York, 51-60. ā¢ Brady NC, Weil RR (2002) The nature and properties of soils. 13th Edition, New Jersey: Prentice- Hall Inc, USA 960. ā¢ Blake, L., Goulding, K.W.T., Mott, C.J.B. and Johnston, A.E. (1999). Changes in soil chemistry accompanying acidification. UK. European Journal of Soil Science 50, 401-12. ā¢ Lockwood, P.V., McGarity, J.W. and Charley, J.L. (1995). Measurement of chemical weathering rates using natural chloride as a tracer. Geoderma 64, 215-32.
- 59. References ā¢ Black, A.S.;Cameron, K.C. 1984. Effect of leaching on soil properties and lucerne growth following lime and gypsum amendments to a soil with an acid subsoil. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 27: 195-200. ā¢ Brown, H.E.; Moot, D.J.; Fletcher, A.L.; Jamieson, P.D. 2009. A framework for quantifying water extraction and water stress responses of perennial lucerne. Crop and Pasture Science 60: 785-794. ā¢ Brown, H.E.; Moot, D.J.; Pollock, K.M. 2003. Long term growth rates and water extraction patterns of dry land chicory, lucerne and red clover. Legumes for dry land pastures. Grassland Research and Practice Series 11: 91-99.