Downloaded 1,551 times
Uploaded byTouqeer Jumani
Active filters
This document discusses different types of filters including low-pass, high-pass, band-pass and band-stop filters. It describes how active filters using op-amps can overcome limitations of passive filters, providing advantages such as reduced size and cost. Single-pole active low-pass and high-pass filters are presented, which buffer the RC circuit to provide a zero output impedance and roll-off rate of -20dB per decade above the critical frequency.
In this document
Powered by AI
Introduction to active filters that pass signals within specific frequency bands.
Definition of filters that pass desired frequencies while rejecting others, highlighting frequency selectivity.
Categories of filters: analog (continuous-time) and digital (discrete-time), including lowpass, highpass, bandstop, and bandpass filters.
Ideal filter response descriptions for lowpass, highpass, bandstop, and bandpass filters in passband and stopband.
Description of ideal and practical analog filter responses with a focus on characteristics like 'brick wall' filters.
Categorization of filters into passive (R, L, C circuits) and active (using op-amps) based on components used.
Characteristics and drawbacks of passive filters, emphasizing the issues with distortion and practicality.
Key advantages of active filters including size, reliability, performance, design simplicity, and cost benefits over passive filters.
Limitations of active filters, like bandwidth, power supply needs, and sensitivity to environmental changes.
Introduction of Bode plots used to assess frequency response characteristics of amplifiers.
Explains the use of a logarithmic scale for frequency in Bode plots, defining decades and frequency ranges.
Explanation of decibels as a logarithmic unit for power comparisons, defining the relationship between power levels.
Description of the half power point in dB, including mathematical representation.
Mathematical definitions for power and voltage gain expressed in decibels for electronic signals.
Calculating voltage gain of cascaded systems, demonstrating the cumulative effect of multiple stages.
Definitions of poles and zeros in transfer functions, highlighting their role in filter behavior.
Functionality of low-pass filters, emphasizing passband, stopband, and critical frequencies.
Describes voltage gain behavior of low-pass filters at varying frequencies.
Calculating critical frequency for ideal low-pass filters based on RC components.
Describes high-pass filters that pass frequencies above a cutoff while attenuating those below.
Functionality of band-pass filters that allow frequencies within a specified range to pass.
Calculation of the center frequency for band-pass filters as the geometric mean of critical frequencies.
Defines band-stop filters that reject frequencies within a specified range while allowing others.
Basic circuit designs for low-pass filters with critical frequency calculations.
Basic circuitry for high-pass filters and methods to determine critical frequencies.
Description of single-pole passive low-pass filters and their frequency response characteristics.
Analysis of Bode plots for single-pole filters and establishing frequency responses.
Describes the active equivalent of a single-pole low-pass filter and its properties.
Defining the critical frequency for single-pole active filters and its dependence on R and C values.
Explains roll-off rates in relation to the number of poles in the filter design.
Describes cascading filters to achieve higher order filters with increased poles.
Design of a two-stage band-pass filter utilizing multiple poles and response characteristics.
Design and function of notch filters, including their blocking characteristics within specified bands.
Detailed function of notch filters and their ability to reject specific frequency bands.
Understanding the mathematical representation of filter transfer functions in frequency domain.
Decomposing frequency transfer functions into their real and imaginary components.
Benefits of active filters regarding gain, loading problems, and adjustability across frequency ranges.
More Related Content
Similar to Active filters
![ANPARA THERMAL POWER STATION[1] sangam.pdf](https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/anparathermalpowerstation1sangam-251121115219-9261cde4-thumbnail.jpg?width=640&height=640&fit=bounds)
Active filters
- 1.
- 2. IntroductionIntroduction Filters arecircuits that are capable of passing signals within a band of frequencies while rejecting or blocking signals of frequencies outside this band. This property of filters is also called “frequency selectivity”.
- 3. Types of Filters Thereare two broad categories of filters: An analog filter processes continuous-time signals A digital filter processes discrete-time signals. The analog or digital filters can be subdivided into four categories: Lowpass Filters Highpass Filters Bandstop Filters Bandpass Filters
- 4. Ideal Filters Passband Stopband StopbandPassband Passband PassbandStopband Lowpass Filter Highpass Filter Bandstop Filter PassbandStopband Stopband Bandpass Filter M(ω) M(ω) ω ω ω ω ω c ω c ω c 1 ω c 1 ω c 2 ω c 2
- 5. Analog Filter Responses H(f) ffc 0 H(f) ffc 0 Ideal“brick wall” filter Practical filter
- 6. Filter can bealso be categorized as passive or active.. Passive filtersPassive filters: The circuits built using RC, RL, or RLC circuits. Active filtersActive filters : The circuits that employ one or more op-amps in the design an addition to resistors and capacitors
- 7. Passive filters Passive filtersuse resistors, capacitors, and inductors (RLC networks). To minimize distortion in the filter characteristic, it is desirable to use inductors with high quality factors practical inductors includes a series resistance. They are particularly non-ideal They are bulky and expensive
- 8. Active filters overcomethese drawbacks and are realized using resistors, capacitors, and active devices (usually op-amps) which can all be integrated: Active filters replace inductors using op-amp based equivalent circuits.
- 9. Advantages Advantages of activeRC filters include: reduced size and weight increased reliability and improved performance simpler design than for passive filters and can realize a wider range of functions as well as providing voltage gain in large quantities, the cost of an IC is less than its passive counterpart
- 10. Disadvantages Active RC filtersalso have some disadvantages: limited bandwidth of active devices limits the highest attainable frequency (passive RLC filters can be used up to 500 MHz) require power supplies (unlike passive filters) increased sensitivity to variations in circuit parameters caused by environmental changes compared to passive filters For many applications, particularly in voice and data communications, the economic and performance advantages of active RC filters far outweigh their disadvantages.
- 11. Bode Plots Bode plotsare important when considering the frequency response characteristics of amplifiers. They plot the magnitude or phase of a transfer function in dB versus frequency.
- 12. Bode plots usea logarithmic scale for frequency. where a decade is defined as a range of frequencies where the highest and lowest frequencies differ by a factor of 10. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 One decade
- 13. The decibel (dB) Twolevels of power can be compared using a unit of measure called the bel. The decibel is defined as: 1 bel = 10 decibels (dB) 1 2 10log P P B =
- 14. A common dBterm is the half power point which is the dB value when the P2 is one- half P1. 1 2 10log10 P P dB = dBdB 301.3 2 1 log10 10 −≈−=
- 15. 15 Decibel (dB) ByDefinition: = 1 2 10log10 P P dB (1) Power Gain in dB : = in o p P P dBA 10 log10)( = in in P P dB 10 log100 =− in in P P dB 2 1 log103 10 =+ in in P P dB 2 log103 10 Pin Pout (2) Voltage Gain in dB: (P=V2 /R) vin vout = in o v v v dBA 10 log20)( = in in v v dB 10 log200 =− in in v v dB 2 1 log206 10 =+ in in v v dB 2 log206 10
- 16. 16 Cascaded System Av1 Av2Av3 x10 x10x10 vin vout 20dB 20dB 20dB 321 vvvv AAAA ××= 3 10101010 =××=v A ( )32110 log20)( vvvv AAAdBA ××= ( ) ( ) ( )310210110 log20log20log20)( vvvv AAAdBA ++= ( ) ( ) ( )dBAdBAdBAdBA vvvv 321 )( ++= dBdBdBdBAv 202020)( ++= dBdBAv 60)( = ( ) dB2010log20 10 = ( ) dB6010log20 3 10 =
- 17. Poles & Zerosof the transfer functionpole—value of s where the denominator goes to zero. zero—value of s where the numerator goes to zero.
- 18. Actual response Vo Alow-pass filterlow-pass filter is a filter that passes frequencies from 0Hz to critical frequency, fc and significantly attenuates all other frequencies. Ideal response Ideally, the response drops abruptly at the critical frequency, fH roll-off rateroll-off rate
- 19. StopbandStopband is therange of frequencies that have the most attenuation. Critical frequencyCritical frequency, ffcc, (also called the cutoff frequency) defines the end of the passband and normally specified at the point where the response drops – 3 dB (70.7%) from the passband response. PassbandPassband of a filter is the range of frequencies that are allowed to pass through the filter with minimum attenuation (usually defined as less than -3 dB of attenuation). Transition regionTransition region shows the area where the fall-off occurs. roll-off rateroll-off rate
- 20. At lowfrequencies, XC is very high and the capacitor circuit can be considered as open circuit. Under this condition, Vo = Vin or AV = 1 (unity). At very high frequencies, XC is very low and the Vo is small as compared with Vin. Hence the gainfalls and drops off gradually as the frequency is increased. Vo
- 21. The bandwidthbandwidthof an idealideal low-pass filter is equal to ffcc: cfBW = The critical frequency of a low-pass RC filter occurs when XXCC = R= R and can be calculated using the formula below: RC fc π2 1 =
- 22. A high-passfilterhigh-pass filter is a filter that significantly attenuates or rejects all frequencies below fc and passes all frequencies above fc. The passband of a high-pass filter is all frequencies above the critical frequency.. Vo Actual response Ideal response Ideally, the response rises abruptly at the critical frequency, fL
- 23. The criticalfrequency of a high-pass RC filter occurs when XXCC = R= R and can be calculated using the formula below: RC fc π2 1 =
- 24. A band-passfilterband-pass filter passes all signals lying within a band between a lower-frequency limitlower-frequency limit and upper-frequency limitupper-frequency limit and essentially rejects all other frequencies that are outside this specified band. Actual response Ideal response
- 25. The bandwidth(BW)bandwidth (BW) is defined as the differencedifference between the upper critical frequency (fupper critical frequency (fc2c2)) and the lower criticallower critical frequency (ffrequency (fc1c1)). 12 cc ffBW −=
- 26. 21 cco fff= The frequency about which the pass band is centered is called the center frequencycenter frequency, ffoo and defined as the geometric mean of the critical frequencies.
- 27. Band-stop filterBand-stopfilter is a filter which its operation is oppositeopposite to that of the band-pass filter because the frequencies withinwithin the bandwidth are rejectedrejected, and the frequencies above ffc1c1 and ffc2c2 are passedpassed. Actual response For the band-stop filter, the bandwidthbandwidth is a band of frequencies between the 3 dB points, just as in the case of the band-pass filter response. Ideal response
- 28. RC fc π2 1 = cXR = Figurebelow shows the basic Low-Pass filter circuit Cf R cπ2 1 = C R cω 1 = At critical frequency, Resistance = Capacitance So, critical frequency ;
- 29. RC fc π2 1 = cXR = Figurebelow shows the basic High-Pass filter circuit : Cf R cπ2 1 = C R cω 1 = At critical frequency, Resistance = Capacitance So, critical frequency ;
- 30. Single-Pole Passive Filter Firstorder low pass filter Cut-off frequency = 1/RC rad/s Problem : Any load (or source) impedance will change frequency response. vin vout C R RCs RC sCR sCR sC ZR Z v v C C in out /1 /1 1 1 /1 /1 + = + = + = + =
- 31. Ref:080222HKN EE3110 ActiveFilter (Part 1)31 Bode Plot (single pole) + = + = o j CRj jH ω ωω ω 1 1 1 1 )( 2 1 1 )( + = o jH ω ω ω +== 2 1010 11log20)(log20)( o dB jHjH ω ω ωω ⇒ −≈ o dB jH ω ω ω 10 log20)( For ω>>ωo R C VoVi Single pole low-pass filter
- 32. 32 dB jH )( ω (log)ω x ωx ω2 x ω10 6dB20dB slope -6dB/octave -20dB/decade −≈ o jH ω ω ω 10log20)( For octave apart, 1 2 = o ω ω dBjH 6)( −≈ω For decade apart, 1 10 = oω ω dBjH 20)( −≈ω
- 33. Single-Pole Active Low-PassFilter Same frequency response as passive filter. Buffer amplifier does not load RC network. Output impedance is now zero. vin vout C R
- 34. Single-pole active low-passfilter and response curve. This filter provides a roll-off rate of -20 dB/decade above the critical frequency.
- 35. The op-amp insingle-pole filter is connected as a noninverting amplifier with the closed-loop voltage gain in the passband is set by the values of R1 and R2 : 1 2 1 )( += R R A NIcl The critical frequency of the single-pole filter is : RC fc π2 1 =
- 36. The criticalfrequencycritical frequency, ffcc is determined by the values of R and C in the frequency-selective RC circuit. Each RCRC set of filter components represents a polepole. Greater roll-off ratesGreater roll-off rates can be achieved with more polesmore poles. Each pole represents a -20dB/decade-20dB/decade increase in roll-off. One-pole (first-order) low-pass filter.
- 37. In high-passfilters, the roles of the capacitorcapacitor and resistorresistor are reversedreversed in the RC circuits as shown from Figure (a). The negative feedback circuit is the same as for the low-pass filters. Figure (b) shows a high-pass active filter with a -20dB/decade roll-off Single-pole active high-pass filter and response curve.
- 38. The op-amp insingle-pole filter is connected as a noninverting amplifier with the closed-loop voltage gain in the passband is set by the values of R1 and R2 : 1 2 1 )( += R R A NIcl The critical frequency of the single-pole filter is : RC fc π2 1 =
- 39. The number ofpoles determines the roll-off rate of the filter. A Butterworth response produces -20dB/decade/pole This means that: One-pole (first-order)One-pole (first-order) filter has a roll-off of -20 dB/decade Two-pole (second-order)Two-pole (second-order) filter has a roll-off of -40 dB/decade Three-pole (third-order)Three-pole (third-order) filter has a roll-off of -60 dB/decade
- 40. The numberof filter poles can be increased by cascadingcascading. To obtain a filter with three poles, cascade a two-pole with one-pole filters. Three-pole (third-order) low/high pass filter.
- 41. 41 Two-Stage Band-Pass Filter R2R1 vin C1 C2 Rf1 Rf2 C4 C3 R3 R4 +V -V vout Rf3 Rf4 + - + - +V -V Stage 1 Two-pole low-pass Stage 2 Two-pole high-pass BW f1 f2 f Av Stage 2 response Stage 1 response fo BW = f2 – f1 Q = f0 / BW
- 42. 42 Band-Stop (Notch) Filter Thenotch filter is designed to block all frequencies that fall within its bandwidth. The circuit is made up of a high pass filter, a low-pass filter and a summing amplifier. The summing amplifier will have an output that is equal to the sum of the filter output voltages. f 1 f 2 v in v out Lowpass filter Highpass filter Summing amplifier Σ -3dB{ f f2 f1 Av(dB) low-pass high-pass Block diagram Frequency response
- 43.
- 44. 44 Transfer function H(jω) Transfer Function )(ωjH VoVi )( )( )( ω ω ω jV jV jH i o= )Im()Re( HjHH += 22 )Im()Re( HHH +=
- 45. 45 Frequency transfer functionof filter H(jω) HL HL o o o o ffffjH fffjH ffjH ffjH ffjH ffjH ><= <<= >= <= >= <= and0)( 1)( FilterPass-Band(III) 1)( 0)( FilterPass-High(II) 0)( 1)( FilterPass-Low(I) ω ω ω ω ω ω responsephasespecificahas allfor1)( Filtershift)-phase(orPass-All(V) and1)( 0)( Filter(Notch)Stop-Band(IV) fjH ffffjH fffjH HL HL = ><= <<= ω ω ω
- 46. Advantages of activefilters over passive filters (R, L, and C elements only): 1. By containing the op-amp, active filters can be designed to provide required gain, and hence no signal attenuationno signal attenuation as the signal passes through the filter. 2. No loading problemNo loading problem, due to the high input impedance of the op-amp prevents excessive loading of the driving source, and the low output impedance of the op-amp prevents the filter from being affected by the load that it is driving. 3. Easy to adjust over a wide frequency rangeEasy to adjust over a wide frequency range without altering the desired response.