aditya bhaiya pdf.pdf

aditya bhaiya pdf.pdf

• 1.
  NATURAL VEGETATION & WILDLIFE
• 2.
  Virgin Vegetation Cultivated cropsand fruits; orchards are a part of vegetation but not of natural vegetation The vegetation which has been grown naturally without human aid and has been left undisturbed by humans for a long time is called virgin vegetation. Virgin vegetation is also known as natural vegetation.
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  FLORA AND FAUNA Fauna:-Faunais all of the animal life present in a particular region or time. Flora:-Flora is all the plant life present in a particular region or time , generally the naturally Occuring(indigenous) native plants.
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  Types of Vegetation MangroveForests Tropical Evergreen Forests Tropical Moist Deciduous Forest Tropical Thorn Forests and Scrubs Montane Forests Tropical Deciduous Forests Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest
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  Tropical evergreen forestsof India: are found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands,the Western Ghats,which fringe the Arabian Sea, the coastline of peninsular India, and the greater Assamregion in the north-east.Small remnants of evergreen forest are found in Odisha state.Semi-evergreen forest is more extensive than the evergreen formation partly because evergreen forests tend to degrade to semi-evergreen with human interference. There are substantial differences between the three major evergreen forest regions.Theaverage annual rainfall is 65-75 inches. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
• 6.
  •The Andaman andNicobar islands have tropical evergreen forests and tropical semi-evergreen forests as well as tropical monsoon forests.The dominant species of Keruing woodisDipterocarpus grandiflorusin hilly areas, whileDipterocarpus kerriiis dominant on some islands in the southern parts of thearchipelago. The monsoon forests of the Andamans are dominated by the Andaman Redwood . This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
• 7.
  •Tropical deciduous forestsare the most common type of forest in India. They are also known as monsoon forests and are found throughout the region, receiving rainfall ranging from 200 cm to 70 cm. In the dry summer, trees of this forest type shed their leaves for about six to eight weeks. These forests are further classified as moist and dry deciduous based on the availability of water. The former is found in areas with rainfall ranging from 200 to 100 cm. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
• 8.
  Tropical Moist DeciduousForest ~Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests are found in areas with an annual rainfall of 200-100cm. The average annual temperature is around 24°C or 27°C, and the relative humidity is between 60% and 75%, which favoursthis type of vegetation. Moist Deciduous Forests cover approximately 37% of the total percentage. ~These forest types can be found in India on the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats and the ChotaNagpur plateau. They can also be found in some areas of Andaman & Nicobar Island, West Odisha, West Chhattisgarh, and the North-eastern States along the foothills of the Bengal, Himalayas, and Jharkhand.
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  Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest TropicalDry deciduous forests can be found where annual rainfall ranges from 70 to 100 cm. In contrast, dry margins of dry deciduous forests merge into moist deciduous forests, and wet margins of dry deciduous forests merge into thorny vegetation. These kinds of forests can be found in North India and the southern Deccan plateau regions. They can be found in the plains of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and the peninsular plateau’s rainier northeastern regions. These are unrestricted area.
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  The Thorn Forest AndScrubs rats, rabbits, and tigers. •The characteristic features of thorn forests include dense, scrubland with vegetation, as areas. The seasonal rainfall in these areas averages between well as dry subtropical and consist of warm temperate 250 to 500 mm.The thorn forests mix with the savanna woodlands with an increase in rainfall and turn into deserts when the climate becomes drier. Tidal forests consist of thorny plants and some common examples include
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  •India consists ofabout 7,12,249 sq. km. of the area which is covered with forests, of which about 16,491 sqkm consist of tropical thorn forests. Tropical thorn forests of India are situated in the areas of southwest Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and also in parts of Uttar Pradesh. Tropical Thorn forest trees include the bertree, wild date palm, Babooltree, neem, Khejri, etc. are some important.
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  Montane Forest Mountain Forestsin India are an integral part of the country's natural vegetation. These forests are mainly located at a high altitude in the mountains and usually vary to a great extent along the slopes of mountain. The Himalayas are the main place where these mountain forests can be found in India. The forests can be found up to a height of 1500 meters, on the foothills of the Himalayas.
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  •At this altitude,the evergreen trees like Sal,Teak,BambooandCanegrow abundantly and dominate the natural vegetation in mountain forests. The temperate conifer trees likePine, Fir,Oak, Maple, Deodar, Laurel Spruce, Cederetc. grow in plenty on higher slope between 1,500 meters to 3,500 meters. The plant species likeRhododendronsandJunipersare found at the higher altitude of theHimalayas. The alpine grasslands appear up to snowfield, beyond all thesevegetationbelts.
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  M a ng r o v e F o r e s t s •The mangrove tidal forests are found in the areas of coasts influenced by tides . Mud and silt get accumulated on such coasts. Dense mangroves are the common varitieswith roots of the plant submerged under water. The deltas of the Ganga, the Mahanadi, the Krishna, the Godavari and the Kaveri are covered by such vegetation.
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  agar, etc., alsogrow in somepartsof the delta . Royal Bengal Tiger is the famous animal in these forests. Turtles, crocodile, gharials and snakes are also found in these forests •In the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta, sundaritrees are found, which provide durable hard timber. Palm, coconut, keora,
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  Wildlife •Indiais home toa large variety of wildlife. It is abiodiversity hotspotwith various ecosystems ranging from theHimalayasin the north to the evergreen rain forests in the south, the sands of the west to the marshy mangroves of the east. India is the home to about 7.6% ofmammal, 14.7% ofamphibian, 6% ofbird, 6.2% ofreptilian, and 6.2% offlowering plantspecies.India's forests contain about 500 species of mammals and more than 1300 bird species.
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  Endangered & ExtinctSpecies •Endangered species -Endangered species, anyspeciesthat is at risk ofextinctionbecause of a sudden rapid decrease in itspopulationor a loss of its criticalhabitat.Examplesare :-Tiger, Bald Eagle, Blue Whale, Black Rhinoceros, Asian Elephant etc., •Extinct species -Extinct species arethose species that are no longer in existence. Example :-Dinosaurs and Dodo.
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  W i ld l i f e P r o t e c t i o n A c t In response to decrease in the numbers of wild animals, human encroachment and poaching activities, theGovernment of crucial habitat. Indiaestablished a system ofnational parksandprotected areasin 1935, which subsequently expanded. In 1972, India enacted theWildlife Protection Act of 1972andProject Tigerto safeguard
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  Biosphere Reserve • The BiosphereReserve is a large protected area for the conservation of wildlife, plant and animal resources, and traditional tribal life in the area. A biosphere reserve contributes to the preservation of a region’s biodiversity and culture.The government established rules, methods, and policies to protect and conserve biodiversity, as well as created protected areas such aswildlife sanctuaries,national parks, biosphere reserves, and so on. Plantation, cultivation, grazing, tree cutting, hunting, and poaching are all strictly prohibited.
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  • There are18 biosphere reserves in India: •Cold Desert, Himachal Pradesh •Nanda Devi, Uttrakhand •Khangchendzonga, Sikkim •Dehang-Debang, Arunachal Pradesh •Manas, Assam •Dibru-Saikhowa, Assam •Nokrek, Meghalaya •Panna, Madhya Pradesh •Pachmarhi, Madhya Pradesh •Achanakmar-Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh- Chhattisgarh •Kachchh, Gujarat (Largest Area) •Similipal, Odisha •Sundarban, West Bengal •Seshachalam, Andhra Pradesh •Agasthyamala, Karnataka-Tamil Nadu-Kerala •Nilgiri, Tamil Nadu-Kerala (First to be Included) •Gulf of Mannar, Tamil Nadu •Great Nicobar, Andaman & Nicobar Island