Advance technologies in foundation & roof finishes

Advance technologies in foundation & roof finishes

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  ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES IN FOUNDATION& ROOF FINISHES M A D E B Y : - M A N I S H A K H A N D E LWA L , K A S H I F Z A FA R , S AV I TA T H A K U R , PAYA L S I N G H , M A N I S H A G U P TA
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  FOUNDATION • A foundationis the element of an architectural structure which connects it to the ground, and transfers loads from the structure to the ground.
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  • Materials – Stone –Stone + brick – Sun burn brick (pilli) (kachi brick) – Rcc – pillars cast on site – Now pillars are pre cast • Machine – animals and labour work • No foundation on hilly areas – brick balast then rcc • Techniques
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  OLD METHODS OFFOUNDATION • Earthfast or post in ground construction • Buildings and structures have a long history of being built with wood in contact with the ground. Post in ground construction may technically have no foundation. Timber pilings were used on soft or wet ground even below stone or masonry walls. In marine construction and bridge building a crisscross of timbers or steel beams in concrete is called grillage. • Padstones • Perhaps the simplest foundation is the padstone, a single stone which both spreads the weight on the ground and raises the timber off the ground. Staddle stones are a specific type of padstone. • Stone foundations • Dry stone and stones laid in mortar to build foundations are common in many parts of the world. Dry laid stone foundations may have been painted with mortar after construction. Sometimes the top, visible course of stone is hewn, quarried stones. Besides using mortar, stones can also be put in a gabion. One disadvantage is that if using regular steel rebars, the gabion would last much less long than when using mortar (due to rusting). Using weathering steel rebars could reduce this disadvantage somewhat. • Rubble trench foundations • Rubble trench foundations are a shallow trench filled with rubble or stones. These foundations extend below the frost line and may have a drain pipe which helps groundwater drain away. They are suitable for soils with a capacity of more than 10 tonnes/m² (2,000 pounds per square foot)...
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  MODERN METHODS OFFOUNDATION Shallow foundations Shallow foundations, often called footings, are usually embedded about a metre or so into soil. One common type is the spread footing which consists of strips or pads of concrete (or other materials) which extend below the frost line and transfer the weight from walls and columns to the soil or bedrock. Another common type of shallow foundation is the slab-on-grade foundation where the weight of the building is transferred to the soil through a concrete slab placed at the surface. Slab-on-grade foundations can be reinforced mat slabs, which range from 25 cm to several meters thick, depending on the size of the building, or post-tensioned slabs, which are typically at least 20 cm for houses, and thicker for heavier structures. Deep foundations A deep foundation is used to transfer the load of a structure down through the upper weak layer of topsoil to the stronger layer of subsoil below. There are different types of deep footings including impact driven piles, drilled shafts, caissons, helical piles, geo-piers and earth stabilized columns. The naming conventions for different types of footings vary between different engineers. Historically, piles were wood, later steel, reinforced concrete, and pre-tensioned concrete. Monopile foundation A monopile foundation is a type of deep foundation which uses a single, generally large-diameter, structural element embedded into the earth to support all the loads (weight, wind, etc.) of a large above-surface structure. A large number of monopile foundations have been utilized in recent years for economically constructing fixed- bottom offshore wind farms in shallow-water subsea locations.. For example, a single wind farm off the coast of England went online in 2008 with over 100 turbines, each mounted on a 4.74-meter-diameter monopile footing in ocean depths up to 16 metres of water.
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  ROOF • The structureforming the upper covering (top most covering) of a building is called a roof. • It provides protection from weather, notably rain or snow but also heat wind and sunlight.
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  ROOFING • Silli –room k size ki stone • Curry -7 inche ka gap between to curries–wood battens 6 by 6- tile (4X9 inche)- plastic (thick green white black in color)- sand (cikni meti) • Timber • Currry and tile - tile size 4 by 9 inche • Curry and stone (silli) 2 by 2 ft • T iron • Rcc • 2 types – 1) brick and rcc 2)rcc and concrete • Mortar – sand and chuna made up in bhati • Machine – animal and human labour • Technique
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  WALL • Mud • Mudand chuna • Stone • brick • Cement
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  • Earthing
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  NEW MATERIALS • Rmc– redement mixed concrete
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  ROOF FINISHESTrussed Rafters TrussedRafters are now used for the overwhelming majority of domestic roofs constructed in the UK, 1 - Made from timber – the only truly renewable building resource. 2 - Can use up to 40% less timber than a traditionally formed roof. 3 - Reduced labour costs on site due to the amount of pre-fabrications, releasing site joiners for more complex areas. 4- Quick erection of the roof structure enabling other trades to commence quickly
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  Timber roof withPURLINS Purlins, and the associated struts, are used to give some additional support for the rafters. The purlins run at right angles to the rafters, the associated struts are positioned under every forth rafter to attach to a joist above a supporting wall below.
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  Tiles are attached tobattens with nails through holes built into each tile. A breathable membrane allows your roof to breathe, meaning you won't need traditional ventilation. It's suitable for use as a full supported or unsupported underlay beneath your slate or tiles, on warm or cold non-ventilated and cold ventilated roofs. A good breather membrane can improve energy efficiency - saving money on bills - and provide durable protection against condensation, water and air infiltration. Tile battens
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  Tile Felt Felt tilescan be used on non- habitable buildings as a quick attractive roofing material. Come in a range of colours and textures depending upon the aesthetic effect desired. Roof tiles are designed mainly to keep out rain, and are traditionally made from locally available materials such as terracotta or slate. Modern materials such as concrete and plastic are also used and some clay tiles have a waterproof glaze. There are a wide range of roof tiles available to complement any type of building. They are made from a range of materials Roof Tiles https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=upXLgLx891w Tiling video
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  Roofing felt (feltpaper, asphalt felt paper) is a sheet material impregnated with bitumen (asphalt), similar to tar paper, used in building construction. The term felt comes from the historical method of making the base material. Roofing Felt https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p0Xtz7WPYFI Video of three layer felt flat roof in construction. Three layer felt construction http://www.diydata.com/projects/flatroof/flatroof.php Details on how to construct a three layer roof. Three layers of overlapping felt. First layer id nailed to the OSB roof and other layers glued in place with bitumen adhesive. The final layer often has chippings on and is of a thicker higher quality grade.
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  Plastic PVCu isby far the cheapest and thus the most popular option. There is a choice of colours and profiles (half-round is the cheapest), as well as different sizes. Advantages: It’s cost effective, and a good system should last 25 years. Some models mimic cast iron quite well. Disadvantages: Cheaper systems may need replacing ten years on. The rubber seals used to join sections often shrink and crack. Downpipes take the water from the guttering to a drain. Home gutters are long, narrow tubes used to reroute rain that falls on the roof of a home or building. The gutters funnel the water to the downspout on the ground where it's directed away from the foundation of the home
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  Cast Iron Cast ironwas the main material used before the advent of plastics. It’s still available, though used mostly for conservation work. Advantages: It’s very long lasting – many 19th century models are still in good working order – and looks great on period-style homes and barn conversions. Disadvantages: It requires repainting at least every five years and is expensive Metals A surprising variety of metals are used for rainwater goods, copper, galvanised steel and aluminium being the most popular. Advantages: All of the above metals promise many years of maintenance free service and look great on contemporary-style homes. Disadvantages: Their effectiveness depends on how well they are installed: many people experienced gutter issues after the prolonged snowfalls in 2010, and often the cause of the problem was that the screws used to fix the guttering simply weren’t strong enough to support the extra loadings
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  THANKU