Mateusz Bosek discusses the fundamental principles of Redux, including the importance of a single source of truth, read-only state, and pure function reducers. He emphasizes that while React Context is useful for low-frequency updates, Redux is better suited for complex state management with high-frequency updates due to its optimization capabilities and architectural consistency. Additionally, the document outlines recommended practices for using Redux, including action types, creators, and the importance of not mutating state.