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Adventure tourism and the name of indias
- 1. Tourism principles and practices PresentedBy: Sajad Ahmad Bhat
- 2. TOURISM Tourism maybe defined as the movement of people from their usual place of residence to another place ( with the intention to return) for a minimum period of twenty-four hours to a maximum of six months for the sole purpose of leisure and pleasure. According to WTO (1993), ” Tourism encompasses the activities of persons traveling and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business, and other purposes.
- 3. DEFINITION Tourism Societyof Britain,” tourism is the temporary short-period movement of people to destination outside the places where they usually live, work; and includes the activities they indulge in at the destinations during their stay.” This definition includes the movement of people for all purposes.
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- 5. International Tourism Ininvolves people travelling from one country to another country, crossing national borders. When people visit a foreign country, it is referred to as International Tourism. To travel to a foreign country, one needs a valid passport, visa, health documents, foreign exchange, etc.
- 6. TYPES Inbound Tourism Thisrefers to the incoming tourists or tourists entering country. Traveling outside their host/native country to another country is called inbound tourism for the country where they are traveling. For example, when a tourist of Indian origin travels to Japan, it is Inbound tourism for Japan because foreign tourists come to Japan. Outbound Tourism This refers to outgoing tourists or tourists leaving their country of orgin to travel to another country This refers to tourists traveling from the country of their origin to another country. When tourists travel to a foreign region, it is outbound tourism for their own country because they are going outside their country. For example, when a tourist from India travels to Japan, it is outbound tourism for India and Inbound tourism for Japan.
- 7. Domestic Tourism Itinvolves residents of a country travelling within the borders of that country Example: A person from Kashmir going for a holiday to goa is a domestic tourist.
- 8. Tourism related terms VISITOR Avisitor is any person visiting a country other than that in which he/she has his/her usual place of residence, for any other reason than following an occupation from within the country visited. EXCURSIONIST An excursionist is a day visitor who stays for less than 24 hours at a place. They do not stay overnight. TOURIST A person can be called as a tourist if he stays for at least 24 hours and not more than one year in a destination either within the country or outside the country of residence not involving in any remunerative activity A tourist is a temporary visitor to a place. When people leave their usual place of residence and work, to have a change from their usual routine for a short time, they are called tourists. They stay at the place overnight i.e for atleast 24 hours
- 9. Traveler A Traveleris a person who travels from one place to another . It is a general term used for a person who travels, irrespective of the purpose of travel, distance travelled, or duration of stay. Destination A destination is the place were tourists travel for leisure or business related activities.
- 10. Leiper’s model NeilLeiper suggested a Whole Tourism System Model in the year 1979 and the same was modified in the year 1990. This model shows how tourism grows between tourist origin and destination. It is completely based on three major components or elements
- 11. three major components I.The Human Component: The Tourist II. The Geographical Component: 1. Tourist Generating Region(TGR) 2. Travel Route Region(TRR) and 3. Tourist Destination Region(TDR) III. The Industrial Component.. Tourist Services Industry • Accommodation Industry • Transport Industry • Entertainment Industry • Tourist Attraction Industry • Shopping Industry
- 12. The Human Component The human component specified in the model is the tourists who undertake tourism to a destination of their interests. A person can be called as a tourist if he stays for at least 24 hours and not more than one year in a destination either within the country or outside the country of residence not involving in any remunerative activity. Different Tourists undertake different forms of tourism as per their needs like recreation, pleasure, business, education, health, pilgrimage, and culture and they are called recreational tourists, pleasure tourists, business tourists, education tourists, health tourists, pilgrimage tourists, and cultural tourists in that order.
- 13. The Geographic Component. The geographic component refers to the geographical area involved in the tourism process. Tourists depart from a geographical area – the place of origin, utilize a geographical route, and reach a geographical area – the place of arrival or destination of visit. The geographic components comprise the following three aspects: 1. Tourist Generating Region(TGR) 2. Travel Route Region(TRR) and 3. Tourist Destination Region(TDR)
- 14. Tourism Generating Regions(TGR). Tourism Generating Region refers to the place where the tourist starts and ends his tour. It is the location of permanent residence from where he departs for tour and reaches after completion of trip. It is also referred to the source region of journey as well as the geographical area of demand. It is a generating market for tourism and acts as a push force to stimulate and inspire journey Push’ factors are the intangible wishes or desires arising in the minds of a person. These are influenced by the social, psychological, and economic forces generated from within the person. exploration, self-evaluation, relaxation, prestige, family relations, and social interaction The demographic aspects like age, sex, educational qualification, income and marital status also contribute to the push factors.
- 15. Transit Route Region(TRR). Transit route refers to the path throughout the region across which the tourist travels to reach his or her destination. It is the path that links the tourist- generating regions and the tourist destination regions, along which the tourists travel. The transit route includes stopover points, which might be used for convenience of the tourist or due to the presence of various attractions throughout the travel route that can be visited by the tourists. The transit route enables the tourists to change flight or stop for some time for refueling.
- 16. Tourist Destination Region(TDR) Tourist Destination Region refers to the destination, which the tourists prefer to visit during their travel. It is the location, which attracts tourists for their temporary stay. The destination region is the core component of tourism, as it is the region, which the tourist chooses to visit, It is the supply side of the tourism products that pull the tourists. This component includes the natural attractions, cultural attraction, and various entertainment factors, accommodation, facilities, services, amenities, safety and security available in the destination of visit that ultimately pull the tourists
- 17. The Industrial Component.. The next important component in the Leiper's model is the industry It is a composition of many small firms that provide tourist attractions and services to tourists in an affordable manner. The tourism industry is not an individual entity and all the industrial components of the tourism industry function together as an amalgam as tourism cannot function in the absence of even a single aspect of the industrial component. The tourism industry is a mixture of many industries. They are: • Tourist Services Industry • Accommodation Industry • Transport Industry • Entertainment Industry • Tourist Attraction Industry • Shopping Industry
- 18. Tourist Services Industry The travel agents and tour operators are located in the tourist generating region who help in the arrangement of travel for the tourists. They do marketing activities motivating the tourists to visit specific destination regions ACCOMMODATION Every tourist needs a place to stay and relax. The accommodation industry, the sub-component comprises of hotels, motels, resorts, guest- houses and home stays that provide temporary residential facility for the tourists.( home away from home) TRANSPORT INDUSTRY The transport industry consists of four forms of transport like air, rail, sea and road transport.
- 19. Tourist Attraction Industry Nature, culture, heritage, monuments, climate, beaches, events, sunshine, snow, are some of the attractions which pull the tourists towards the tourist destination region. Attractions are unique to the destinations, as these will not be found in the tourist-generating region.
- 20. Mathieson and WallModel of Travel- Buying Behavior Mathieson and Wall (1982) suggested a linear five-stage model of travel buying behavior. Mathiesion And Wall came up with a model of how a tourist makes a decision about visiting a destination.
- 22. FELT NEED/TRAVEL DESIRE Felt Need/ travel desire: IN THIS STAGE THE NEED FOR TRAVEL IS FELT AND THE REASON BEHIND THIS NEED IS WEIGHED UP. A travel desire is felt amongst tourists, mostly caused by factors such as spending time with friends and family, escape from daily work, rejuvenation, relaxation, developing a particular skill set (say, hiking, trekking, cycling), and many more. All the aforesaid reasons are assessed in this process.
- 23. Information collection andevaluation image In this stage, information regarding travel information is collected from various formal and informal sources. The information received is evaluated against each other / against desire or need. Image of destination Cost Facilities available Destination type distance
- 24. Travel decision Itinvolves the decision regarding the destination to be visited. Mode of transport Type of accommodation Duration of stay Activities to be undertaken Attractions to be visited, et al
- 25. Travel preparation andexperience It involves travel booking (including travel documents like visa and passport) and commencement of travel. It fundamentally includes the appropriation of travel decisions undertaken in the former step. In this stage travel arrangements are finalized. Booking Cloths equipment's
- 26. Travel satisfaction andevaluation After undertaking the desired travel (or vacation) the next step is to evaluate the post-trip satisfaction taking into consideration a total tourism product that encompasses the attraction, transport, accommodation, food, hosts, weather, and many other elements that form the total tourism experience. This also influences further travel decisions.
- 27. Stanley Plog’s ModelOf Destination Preferences Stanley Plog’s model of allocentricity and psychocentricity, tourism’s first traveler-typology model, was the focus of the 1974 Cornell Quarterly article titled “Why Destination Areas Rise and Fall in Popularity.”
- 28. Allocentric tourists theallocentric tourist is most likely associated with destinations that are un(der)developed. These tourists might be the first tourists to visit an area Allocentric tourists like adventure. They are not afraid of the unknown. They like to explore. Allocentric tourists enjoy cultural tourism, they are ethical travellers and they love to learn. The Allocentric tourists, often called as ‘Ventures’, are the individuals who seek new experience, enjoy interacting with people from different cultural background, want to explore the unusual or little known places, prefer adventure in a wide range of activities
- 29. POINTS Allocentric touristscommonly: • Independent travellers • Excited by adventure • Eager to learn • Likes to experience the unfamiliar • Is put off by group tours, packages, and mass tourism • Enjoys cultural tourism • Are ethical tourists • Enjoy a challenge • Quick Decision Taker: • Likely to Choose New Products: • Prefer Activities and Challenges
- 30. Psychocentric tourists psychocentrictourists are most commonly associated with areas that are well- developed or over-developed for tourism. Many people will have visited the area before them- it has been tried and tested. Psychocentric tourists travel in organised groups. Their holidays are typically organised for them by their travel agent. These travellers seek the familiar. They are happy in the knowledge that their holiday resort will provide them with their home comforts. They are components of enclave tourism, meaning that they are likely to stay put in their hotel for the majority of the duration of their holiday. These are often repeat tourists, who choose to visit the same destination year-on-year.
- 31. prefer • Enjoy familiarity •Like to have their home comforts whilst on holiday • Give preference to known brands • Travel in organised groups • Enjoys organized tours, package holidays, and all-inclusive tourism • Like to stay within their holiday resort • Do not experience much of the local culture • Do not learn much about the area that they are visiting or people that live there • Are regular visitors to the same area/resort
- 32. Mid-centric tourists Mid-centrictourists like some adventure, but also some of their home comforts. Perhaps they book their holiday themselves through dynamic packaging, but then spend the majority of their time in their holiday resort. Or maybe they book an organised package, but then choose to break away from the crowd and explore the local area.
- 33. What is Motivation Motivation is the word derived from the word ’motive’ which means needs, desires, wants or drives within the individuals. It is the process of stimulating people to actions to accomplish the goals. Motivation means a process of stimulating people to action to achieve desired goals – William G. Scott What does Desire mean? The word desire can be defined as a strong feeling of wanting something or someone. What does Want mean? A want is something that you desire and something that an individual does not possess yet. Unlike a need, which is mandatory for existence such as in the case of oxygen, water, or food, wants are not mandatory for existence. However, people have unlimited wants, which are forever changing.
- 34. MOTIVATION The word“Motivation” has been derived from the word “Motive” which means desires, needs, wants, and drives within an individual. Motivation generally gives reasons to person for achieving their desired need
- 35. Types of Motivation Motivation can be classified into categories: 1. Intrinsic Motivation: This type of motivation comes from the inside through the core of the heart and mind of the tourist to do any specific work. t is defined as the performing of an activity for its intrinsic motivation that emerges from an individual’s inherent satisfactions, enjoyment, challenge entailed, interest, or the feeling of inner pleasure that drives from the task rather than for some external pressures, or rewards or any separable consequence.
- 36. 2. Extrinsic Motivation: All the external factors which tends and individual to do any specific work. Individuals performs certain activities in order to attain or receive something from the outcomes. It involves executing an action influenced by the outer stimuli, to attain an external reinforcements or rewards from others such as money, praise, status etc.
- 37. Travel motivation Travelmotivation refers to the reasons and factors that encourages, and motivates individuals to explore new destinations, experience different cultures, and engage in travel-related activities. People are motivated to travel for a wide range of personal, social, and psychological reasons. Here are some common travel motivations:
- 38. Major Motivations forTravel: Adventure and Exploration: The desire to explore new places, cultures, and experiences is a significant motivator for travel. Many people seek the excitement and novelty of discovering unfamiliar destinations. Relaxation and Stress Relief: Many people seek relaxation and an escape from the stresses of daily life through travel. Cultural and Historical Interest: The opportunity to learn about different cultures, visit historical sites, and immerse oneself in local traditions can be a significant motivation. Nature and Outdoor Activities: Travelers motivated by a love of nature often seek destinations where they can engage in outdoor activities such as hiking, camping, or wildlife viewing.
- 39. Major Motivations forTravel: Social and Family Connections: Visiting friends and family, especially during special occasions, is a common motivation for travel. Like weddings, Eid…. Education and Learning: Travel can offer educational opportunities through conferences, workshops, language immersion programs, or visits to educational institutions. Spiritual and Religious Pilgrimage: Some travelers undertake journeys to religious or spiritual sites for faith-based reasons or spiritual growth Culinary Exploration: Some travelers are motivated by a love for food and seek to explore different cuisines and culinary traditions in various parts of the world.
- 40. Major Motivations forTravel: Business and Work: Business travelers are motivated by work-related commitments, including meetings, conferences, and negotiations. Some people travel for their careers or to seek job opportunities Celebration and Special Occasions: Celebrating milestones like anniversaries, birthdays, or other special occasions often involves travel to memorable destinations. Photography and Creative Inspiration: Photographers, artists, and writers often travel to find inspiration in new landscapes, cultures, and people.
- 41. Travel Deterrents: Traveldeterrents are factors or obstacles that discourage people from traveling to a particular destination or traveling in general. These deterrents can vary widely depending on individual preferences, circumstances, and the specific destination. Here are some common travel deterrents:
- 42. Travel Deterrents: 1. HIGHCOST OF TOUR: Lower-income class people can’t afford the tour packages Travel can be expensive, including expenses for transportation, accommodation, food, and activities. 2. NON AVAILABILITY OF LEISURE TIME Example, BUSINESS MENS, POLITICIANS…. 3. POOR HEALTH Health issues, such as illnesses or physical limitations, can be a significant deterrent to travel 4. FAMILY SIZE.
- 43. Travel Deterrents 5. LACKOF INTEREST AND AWARENESS 6. TERRORISM ACTIVITIES 7. POOR SERVICES PROVIDED BY HOTELS 8. VERY HIGH TRANSPORTATION FEES/CHARGES Mostly for those who have to travel by airlines 9. POOR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COUNTRIES India vs Pakistan India vs china 10. NATURAL DISASTERS Earthquakes, floods
- 44. Travel Deterrents 11. HIJACKINGOF CIVILIAN AIRCRAFT: in the year 2001, when terrorists hijacked 4 different aircraft of the United States of America and attacked the world trade center in New York, pentagon, the US Department of Defence. 12. Language Barriers: Language differences can be a deterrent for travelers who are not comfortable navigating a destination where they don't speak the local language. 13. Visa and Documentation Issues: Obtaining visas and necessary travel documentation can be a complex and time-consuming process, which can discourage travel to certain countries. 14.Safety Concerns: Perceptions of safety, including concerns about crime, political instability, or natural disasters, can discourage travel to certain destination
- 45. Travel Motivation Theories A.Gray’s Travel-Motivation Theory. Gray explains the motivation of the individual and gives two motives for travel: Wanderlust: It describes the motive or the desire to go from a known to an unknown place. It is traveling from or leaving familiar places to go and see different or unfamiliar places. It is about going to different destinations to experience monumental and socio-cultural heritage. Sunlust: It is a type of travel to a destination that can provide the tourist with specific facilities or better amenities. It is travelling for a particular purpose or facilities that are not available in the place of residence of the tourist.
- 46. B. McIntosh andGoeldner Categorization of Travel Motivation McIntosh has stated that basic travel motivators may be grouped into four broad categories Physical Motivators Those related to refreshment of body and mind or physical rest and relaxation, health purposes sport activities and pleasure. These groups of motivators are seen to be related to those activities which will reduce tension. These types of motivation are concerned with the individual physical health and well-being involves physical relaxation and rest, sporting activities, medical care or treatment and specific remedial health management. It include physical motivators that are concern with health from recreation to attending yoga camp to medical treatment for upkeep of health. 2.Interpersonal Motivators Human are social animal and always keen to make new friends, have a desire to visit and meet relatives and friends, seek new experiences or simply want to escape from the daily hassles of everyday life. These type of motivators are termed as interpersonal motivators. Travel is an escape from routine relationships with friends or neighbours or the home environment or it is used for spiritual reasons.
- 47. Cultural Motivators Thoseidentified by the desire to know and learn about other cultures, lifestyles, music, art, folklore, dance, etc. Cultural motivators are described as curiosity that tourists have and want to experience different people’s cultures and lifestyle. These are related with tourists desire to travel to different destination, in order to know about other countries, people, their culture, tradition, life style, art, music etc. Status and Prestige Motivators Such motivators are seen to be concerned with the desire for the desire for recognition and attention from others, in order to boost the personal ego. This category also includes personal development in relation to the pursuit of hobbies and education. Tourists travel to secure respect among their friends or in family and recognition of education and knowledge or for pursuit of hobbies. These types of motivators are identified with the need for fame and status or of personal esteem and personal development. It also include travel for business or professional interests.
- 48. Push and PullTheory Crompton identified two different levels of socio-psychological motivation. The first level of motivation is the desire to travel, which drives the initial decision for a trip or a vacation. It subsequently facilitates an individual’s decision for the destination. The second level of motivation drives the decision to select destinations. After the initial decision to make a trip, various motivational factors come into being that impact the selection of a destination. Crompton proposes two groups of motives among pleasure vacationers, one that pushes for a trip or tour is a socio-psychological motive, while another factor that pulls is cultural motives.
- 49. Push Factors. Pushfactors are those factors which motivate people to travel. Push factors initiate the travel desire of an individual to engage in recreational activities or tourism. Push factors are the inner motives that tend tourists to seek activities for needs fulfillment. Some push factors of traveling are: • Exploration and evaluation of self. • Escape from a perceived mundane environment. • Relaxation. • Health and fitness. • Re-experiencing family. • Facilitation of social interaction. • Enhancement of kinship relationships • Cultural experiences. • Education. • Prestige.
- 50. Pull Factors Allthe external factors that pull or attracts and individual towards some specific things or any destination. Pull factors appear due to the attractiveness and the attributes associated with the destination. It is related to the external condition, cognitive aspects or choices available on a destination such as attractions, climate, culture etc. Everyone has unique taste and choices which attract or pull individuals experience the destination. Identifying a set of pull factors that can be applicable to all sites is possible as different destinations have different or unique set of pull factors.
- 51. PULL FACTORS Pullfactors were characterized by facilities, core attractions, and landscape features. • The facilities factor encompasses all tourism facilities of a destination including food, lodging, roads, hospitality, and security. • The core attractions factor includes all those activities and services available for tourism. It includes sports activities, nightlife, entertainment amusement, and shopping facilities. • The landscape features pull factor strongly relates to the geographical and sociocultural features of the destination i.e. natural and cultural environment of the destination.