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aeromicrobiology
This document discusses aero-microbiology, which is the study of microorganisms that are suspended in air. It notes that microbes can be transmitted through the air via coughing, sneezing, or being carried by dust or droplet nuclei. Various airborne diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi are described, including how they are transmitted and their symptoms. The document also outlines some methods to control microorganisms in the air, such as through ultraviolet radiation, chemical agents, filtration, and laminar airflow systems.
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aeromicrobiology
- 1. AERO-MICROBIOLOGY (MICROBIOLOGY OF AIR) 1 Dr.Kashif Bashir Assist. Professor Abasyn University Peshawar
- 2. AERO-MICROBIOLOGY “Study of livingmicrobes suspended in air” 2
- 3. Transmission of airbornemicroorganisms. • Organisms are sprayed by: • Coughing • Sneezing etc. • Air microorganisms are carried by: • Dust particles • Droplet nuclei 3
- 4. • During 1930sthe term aero-microbiology was used to denote the air borne spores (e.g. fungi and other microorganisms ) • Further in 1951, the term was elaborated to include dispersion of insect population, fungal spores, bacteria and viruses. • In 1964, the term included the research work of air borne materials of biological significance. 4
- 5. • Study ofaerosolization, aerial transmission and biological materials. • It also includes the study of diseases transmitted through respiratory routes. • The field of aeromicrobiology is important as it involves, • Formation of aerosols . • Their transmission and deposition in soil. 5
- 6. • The importantgases that affect the microorganisms are hydrogen sulphide, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, chlorine, hydrogen fluoride, ozone , etc. • The microbial forms are bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes , algae, spores of pteridophytes, pollen grains, micro insects and viruses. 6
- 7. The SOURCES of Microbes inAir Wind blown long suspension time Human/Animal breath cough sneeze talk laugh Aerosols machine fans air conditioners Man's Actions ploughing digging excavation construction irrigation fertilizers Water droplets fountains streams ponds rivers 7
- 8. 3 Forms of Discharge groupedvia size and moisture content Droplets Mucous Saliva Talking Coughing sneezing Infectious dust dried secretions culturing microbes handkerchief bed making clothes sweeping Droplet Nuclei 1-4 µm dry solid of a droplet ability to travel distances survival limited by: humidity sunlight susceptibility 8
- 9. INDOOR AERO-MICROBIOLOGY • Itdeals with microorganisms present in air in indoor environment. • They are the microorganisms which are responsible bio-deterioraton of storage materials, equipment , library materials and archives. 9
- 10. INDOOR AERO-MICROBIOLOGY • Aero-microsporaof pharmacy. • Aero-microflora of hospitals. • Houses • Aero-microflora of storage materials. 10
- 11. AEROALLERGENS AND AEROALLERGY •Allergy is caused by certain biological & abiological agents present in the atmosphere. • The allergy causing agents in the air are called aeroallergens. • The allergy caused by them is called aeroallergy. 11
- 12. AEROALLERGENS • House dustallergens . • Pollen grains. • Cosmetics . 12
- 13. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT STRESS •Dessication • Humidity • Temperature • Radiation 13
- 14. OUTDOOR AIR • Algae •Protozoa • Yeasts • Molds Mold spore are predominant, e.g. clasdosporium Bacterial species are Spore forming Non-spore forming 14
- 15. BACTERIAL SPECIES • Micrococcus •Sarcina • Gram negative rods • Gram positive rods • Aerobic spore forming bacteria 15 Presentation
- 16. FUNGAL SPECIES • Clasdosporium •Alternaria • Pullularia • Penicillium • Batrytis • Stemphylium 16
- 17. L e af s u r f a c e h a b i t a t . PHYLLOPLANE MICROFLORA 17
- 18.
- 19. PHYLLOPLANE MICROFLORA Landing stage for the microbial propagules Depositedby impaction, sedi mentation under gravity and in rainand splashdroplets Sporesget nutrient diffused from leaf and pollen grains present on the surface Insects excreta on the leaf surface serve asfood . Microorganism colonizes the leaves. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 19
- 20. ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS AFFECTINGMICROBES SURVIVAL Microbes are continually in the state of stress. • Oxygen stress and ionic stress. • Temperature stress. • Moisture stress. • UV-radiation stress. 20
- 21. OXYGENIC AND IONICSTRESS • Higher level of oxygen and its reactive form causes • inactivation of enzymes. • Damage to DNA • Inactivation of nucleic acids • Naturally occurring ions causes ionic stress • Water shearing • Ions displacement 21
- 22. TEMPERATURE STRESS • Bothhigher and lower temperature causes damage to the microbes. • High temperature causes deactivation of proteins and enzymes • Lower temperature causes ice crystal formation. MOISTURE STRESS • High moisture causes death • Low moisture causes damage to the lipid bilayer . 22
- 23. RADIATION STRESS • Shorterwavelength and X-ray causes damage to DNA by • Single strand breaks. • Double strand breaks • Alteration in structure of DNA and also effects • Genome replication • Transcription • Translation 23
- 24. BIOAEROSOLS • Biological contaminantsoccurring as solid or liquid particles in air. • Size :0.1 -100µ • May be single or aggregate form • May adhere to dust particles or surrounded by a film of organic or inorganic matter. • Pathogenic for plants, animal and human and also damage inanimate materials. 24
- 25.
- 26. DIPHTHERIA • Acute contagiousdisease caused by cornynebacterium diphtheriae • Formation of fibrous pseudo membrane on respiratory mucosa, myocardial and neural tissue damage. • Symptoms: • Sore throat • Low fever • Cutaneous lesions etc. 26
- 27. TUBERCULOSIS • Caused byMycobacterium tuberculosis, • Initiated by inhalation SYMPTOMS • Chronic cough • Blood tinged sputum • Night sweats • Weight loss etc. 27
- 28. MENINGITIS • Caused byNeisseria meningitidis • Inflammation or infection of meninges. SYMPTOMS • Headache • Neck stiffness • Fever • Confusions • Photophobia • Phonophobia 28
- 29.
- 30. SMALL POX • Causedby poxviridae family: • Variola major • Variola minor • Localized in small blood vessels of skin and mouth. • Rash and fluid filled blisters. 30
- 31. MEASLES • Contagious diseasecharacterized by: • Fever, Cough, Conjunctivitis eruption of buccal cavity or labial mucosa, cutaneous rash e.t.c • Caused by paramyxovirus, spread largely from droplets by nose, throat, mouth of person. 31
- 32. INFLUENZA • Acute respiratorydisease characterized by fever, cough, headache, inflamed respiratory membranes caused by myxovirus. 32
- 33.
- 34. SYSTEMIC MYCOSIS • Fungalinfection caused by inhalation of fungal spore, • Mycosis initiate in skin. 34
- 35. Symptoms: • Fever, Chills,Night sweats, Weight loss, Depression • People are at risk of fungal infections when they are taking strong antibiotics for a long period of time because antibiotics kill not only damaging bacteria, but healthy bacteria as well. This alters the balance of microorganisms in the mouth, vagina, intestines and other places in the body, and results in an overgrowth of fungus 35
- 36. HISTOPLASMOSIS • Infectious diseasecaused by Histoplasma capsulatum. • Also known as DARLING’S DISEASE. • Primarily effects lungs. 36
- 37. CRYPTOCOCCOSIS • Infectious diseasecaused by Cryptococcus neoformans. • AIDS causing disease. • It primarily effects: • Lungs • Meninges • Kidneys • Bone • Skin 37
- 38. CONTROL OF MICRO-ORGANISMIN AIR 38
- 39. ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION • Thismethod has great potential value for reducing the microbial flora of air. • It is done by following ways : 1. Direct irradiation. e.g. aseptic filling rooms for pharmaceutical preparations 2. Indirect Irradiation. e.g. occupied rooms, offices, wards etc. 39
- 40. CHEMICAL AGENTS • Chemicalsubstances vaporized into air of room are effective in reducing the microbial flora. • Chemicals are dispersed as aerosol and show its anti microbial action. • Characteristics of chemical agent as germicide: • It should be highly bactericidal. 40
- 41. • It shouldbe effective at normal room temperature and humidity. • It should not stain, discolor otherwise damage objects. • Examples: • Triethylene glycol • Lactic acid • Resorcinol etc. 41
- 42. FILTRATION • Use ofcotton plug • Air filters 42
- 43. LAMINAR AIR FLOWSYSTEMS • Air passes through HIGHER EFFICACY PARTICULATE AIR (HEPA) filters. • Natural or mechanical ventilation of rooms. 43
- 44.