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Aggression.ppt
The document discusses aggression, defining it as behaviors intended to harm others, and distinguishes between types such as hostile and instrumental aggression. It explains relevant theories including instinct theory, social learning theory, and the frustration-aggression hypothesis, highlighting how aggression can be learned or triggered by external factors. Factors influencing aggression and strategies for reducing it are also presented.
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Aggression.ppt
- 1. AGGRESSION types of aggression theoriesof aggression factors affecting aggression strategies to reduce aggression PRESENTED BY: GROUP 1 BAHAR HUSSAIN MUHAMMAD USMAN MUSHTAQ ALI SAJJAD khan NAYAB
- 2. Literal meaning • Gress •Aggress • Progress • retrogress
- 3. What is Aggression… • •Aggression is any behaviour intended to harm another individual or object by physical or verbal means. (Bull, 1990) • Aggression is a set of behaviours that are likely to, or have the potential to, cause harm to others, or intended to cause harm, and are goal-directed (Berkowitz,1993) • Aggression is any form of behaviour directed towards the goal of harming or injuring another living being, who is motivated to avoid such treatment. (Baron, 1977)
- 4. WHAT AGGRESSION ISNOT… • Aggression is not competitiveness, nor is it anger. • Competitiveness is an attitude; anger is an emotion. While aggression is a behaviour. • anger and competitiveness may both contribute to aggression. • aggression involves the intent to cause harm in some form; thus, behaviour which accidentally harms someone is not aggression. • So Behaviour of any kind that is carried out with the intention of harming another person is called aggression
- 5. Types of aggression 1•HOSTILE AGGRESSION 2 •INSTRUMENTAL AGGRESSION
- 6. HOSTILE AGGRESSION • Hostileaggression takes place when the primary intention of the behaviour is to harm the other player. • This type of aggression is accompanied by anger, and the underlying wish is to see the victim suffer. • It is an end in itself. • ITS PURPOSE IS TO HARM FOR ITS OWN SAKE, for example, hitting an opponent who has just been aggressive against a player.
- 7. HOSTILE AGGRESSION CANOPERATIONALLY BE DEFINED AS PHYSICAL OR VERBAL INTERACTIONS AIMED AT VARIOUS TARGETS BUT NOT DIRECTLY CONNECTED TO TASK ACCOMPLISHMENTS.
- 8. Instrumental aggression • Instrumentalaggression takes place when the behaviour is clearly likely to cause harm, but its intention is to achieve a different aim, such as to score a point or prevent the opposition from scoring a goal. • It’s a mean to an end, not an end in itself. • It is Always motivated by some other goals. • it is not always associated with anger. • Such as injuring a plyer to gain competitive advantage.
- 9. Instrumental aggression • Instrumentalaggression can operationally be defined as aggression occurring during game play and involves opponent-directed physical interactions that contributes to accomplishing a task.
- 10. AGGRESSION VS ASSERTION •ASSERTIVE BEHAVOURS ARE FORCEFUL BEHAVIOURS THAT ARE NOT INTENDED TO INJURE THE OPPONENT. • IT IS WITH IN THE RULES OF THE GAME. • THE INTENTION IS TO ESTABLISH A DOMINANCE RATHER THAN TO HARM. • COACHES OFTEN DESCRIBE STrONG PHYSICAL PLAY AS AGGRESSIVE, WHEN THIS TYPE OF PLAY IS ACTUALLY ASSERTIVE. • SOME SPORTS INVOLVES STRONG PHYSICAL CONTACT, WHICH HAS SOME KIND OF CAPICITY TO HARM THE OPPONENT. SUCH AS KARATE, BOXING, WRESTLING ETC • IT IS ALWAYS DIFFICULT TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN AGGRESSION AND ASSERTION BECAUSE OF THE NOTION OF INTENT. •
- 11. AGGRESSION VS ASSERTION AGGRESSIONASSERTION CONTROL FRUSTRATION • INTENT TO DOMINATE • LEGITIMATE • FORCEFUL CONTACT • CONTROLLED • SANCTIONED • INTENT TO HARM • ILLEGITIMATE • FORCEFUL CONTACT • UNCONTROLLED • UNSANTIONED
- 12. Types of Aggression Assertivebehaviour 1. No intent to harm 2. Legitimate force 3. Unusual effort and energy expenditure Hostile aggression 1. Intent to harm 2. Goal to harm 3. Unusual effort and energy expenditure Instrumental aggression 1. Intent to harm 2. Goal to win 3. No anger Source: Silva (1980)
- 13. THEORIES OF AGGRESSION •A number of psychological theories aim to explain the origins and triggers of human aggression. • Within sport psychology, three broad approaches have been particularly influential: • • INSTINCT THEORIES. • SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY. • THE FRUSTRATION–AGGRESSION HYPOTHESIS
- 14. INSTICT THEORY • AGGRESSIONIS INSTINCTIVE. (An instinct is an innate tendency to behave in a certain way). • we are born with two opposing instincts, the life instinct and the death instinct. Our death instinct leads us to be aggressive. • It is manageable and we can, to some extent, exert conscious control over it. • sport is a healthy way of expressing our death instinct. • Proponents of the theory saw sport as serving the social function of channelling human destructive instincts constructively. • Main contributions to this theory includes Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytical Approach and Konrad Lorenz’s Ethological Approach •
- 15. Social learning theory •aggression, like other social behaviour, is learnt by imitation and reinforcement. • children witness aggression in sports. Children may also witness highly assertive acts and in-correctly imitate them in an aggressive form. • aggression can be reinforced. An act of aggression might result directly in scoring or preventing the opposition from doing so. Watchers might cheer; the coach and parents might praise the aggressive child • Albert bandura’s famous bobo doll study greatly contributed towards the formation of this theory.
- 16. Baron & Byrnesuggest the following four aspects of aggression that can be explained by learning 1 HOW TO BE AGGRESSIVE How to commit a foul 2 WHO IS AN APPROPRIATE TARGET OF AGGRESSION Whom We Can Foul 3 WHAT ACTIONS REQUIRE AN AGGRESSIVE RESPONSE What They Have To Do To Warrant A Foul 4 IN WHAT SITUATIONS AGGRESSION IS APPROPRIATE Under What Circumstances A Foul Is The Best Response. e.g e.g e.g e.g
- 17. The frustration–aggression hypothesis •FIrst suggested by Dollard et al (1939). • This approach SEES the most important factors in aggression as the characteristics of the situation. • we have an innate aggressive drivE AND when we are frustrated we respond with aggressive behaviour. all aggression was seen to be due to frustration. • Berkowitz (1989) produced a more sophisticated version of this THEORY BY PROPOSING that frustration leads to anger rather than directly to aggression. • More anger is generated if the frustration is unexpected or seen as unfair WHICH LEADS TO AGGRESSION. • but because we can apply our higher mental processes, such as thinking and reasoning, we do not necessarily respond to frustration with aggression. We may do so, however, if our anger is great enough or if, for some reason, we cannot think logically at that moment. •
- 18. FACTOR AFFECTING AGGRESSION BASED ON INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES Gender Identification with Team Motivational Style BASEDON SITUATION The physical environment Game Circumstances
- 19.
Editor's Notes
- #5 Competitiveness mean having a strong desire tocompeteor to succeed. Attitude is internal, thought oriented and about what you think in a certain situation while behaviour is external, action oriented and what you do in a certain situation.
- #8 1:Tyson vs Holyfield ear bite 1997 2: shane warne vs sameuls 3: Zidane headbutting Marco Materazzi 2006 World Cup,
- #11 SHOULDER-BARGE IN SOCCER.
- #15 By ‘innate’, we mean that the behaviour is influenced by our genetic make-up and is therefore present at birth, as opposed to learned. aggressive behaviour is not always inevitable due to conscious control The Psychoanalytical Approach This theory takes the approach that aggression builds up with in a person; and is then directed away from ‘the self’ and in to another form of aggression: Acceptable e.g. sport, expeditions Unacceptable e.g. crime, brutality or even suicide. When we want to escape an unacceptable way we useego defence Ethological approach: Konrad Lorenz compared human behaviour with animals He says Aggression builds up in human to create a drive that will lead to some form of destructive or aggressive behaviour. To avoid this the aggression must be released in a constructive way to achieve catharsis.
- #16 To a child with little technical knowledge of football. it is difficult to distinguish between an assertive shoulder-barge and an aggressive push. Reinforcement means anything that strengthen or increases the behavoir.
- #19 Gender: women were more negative about the role of aggression in sport Identification with team:athletes who have a particularly strong identification with their team are more willing to behave aggressively. Motivational Style: athletes tend to have either a task orientation or an ego orientation Physical environment: ambient temperature, crowding, Noise etc Game circumstances: higher the team was in the league, the lower the number of penalties. Similarly losing players tend to be more aggressive
- #20 PUNISHMENT: The aggressive athlete can learn through punishment that the consequences of aggression are negative. To be effective, punishment needs to be prompt, severe enough to outweigh the benefits of the aggression and consistent. i,.e Red card in football. CATHARSIS: catharsis undoubtedly does reduce aggression. Sports and hard training have cathartic effects but this effect is very short lived. ROLE MODELING: if we expose children exclusively to appropriate, non-aggressive role models, we can, to some extent, prevent them from developing an aggressive behaviour. CONTRACTING: Athletes signing a contract are committing themselves to eliminate certain behaviours. The terms of each contract are negotiated between the individual athlete and coach or psychologist, but the contract will always specify what behaviours are to be eliminated under what circumstance. a simple contract should include specification of the behaviour to be eliminated, punishment for breaching the contract, rewards for sticking to the contract