AI Introduction

Course Description
• Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI) history and
applications;
• Strong AI and weak AI
• Knowledge representation;
• Problem solving in artificial intelligence using knowledge
representation, searching and reasoning;
• Uninformed and heuristic search;
• Machine learning;
• Laws of Robotics;
• Advanced AI Topics. Natural language processing, ANN, Fuzzy
logic, clustering

Learning Outcomes
• Understand the meaning of AI, its alternative approaches and the implications
of AI for cognitive science more broadly.
• Expand knowledge about Inform and uniform search heuristic search, genetic
algorithm, planning, and learning algorithms.
• Understand the basic methods in planning and reasoning using both logic and
uncertain inference.
• Know a variety of ways to represent and retrieve knowledge and information
[Expert systems, Agents].
• Know the fundamentals of AI programming techniques and advanced machine
learning in a modern programming language.

Required Material
• Text Book:
– Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, Stuart
Russell and Peter Norvig, Prentice Hall.
– Programming for Artificial Intelligence, CLIPS User
Guide
• Reference Books:
– Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for
Complex Problem Solving, George F. Luger,
Addison Wesley Publisher.

Today’s Lecture
• What is intelligence?
• What is artificial intelligence?
• Modern successes
• Sentience AI

Let’s begin
• Introduction Artificial Intelligence?
– AI is one of the newest disciplines
– Formally initiated in 1956
– The study of intelligence is also one of the oldest
discipline.
• For over 2,000 years philosophers have tried to
understand how
• Seeing
• Learning
• Remembering
• And reasoning could or should be done?????

What is Intelligence ?
“ability to learn, understand and think”
(Oxford dictionary)

What is Intelligence???
• Intelligence is the ability to learn about, to learn
from, to understand about, and interact with
one’s environment.
• Intelligence is the faculty of understanding
• Intelligence is not to make no mistakes but
quickly to understand how to make them good
(German Poet)

What is Intelligence???
• Capacity to learn from experience
• Ability to adapt to different contexts
• The use of analyses ability to enhance learning
• Capacity of mind, especially to understand
principles, truths, facts or meanings, acquire
knowledge, and apply it to practice; the ability
to learn and comprehend.

Intelligence quotient
IQ
• An intelligence quotient, or IQ, is a score
derived from one of several standardized
tests designed to assess intelligence.

What is artificial intelligence?
• There is no agreed definition of the
term artificial intelligence. However,
there are various definitions that have
been proposed. Some will be considered
below.

American
Association for
Artificial
Intelligence
The scientific understanding of the mechanisms
underlying thought and intelligent behavior and
their embodiment in machines.

• It is the science and engineering of making
intelligent machines, especially intelligent
computer programs.
• It is related to the similar task of using
computers to understand human intelligence,
but AI does not have to confine itself to
methods that are biologically observable.(John
McCarthy )

What is artificial intelligence? (ctd.)
• The use of computers to solve problems that
previously could only be solved by applying
human intelligence…. thus something can fit
this definition today, but, once we see how
the program works and understand the
problem, we will not think of it as AI anymore
(David Parnas)

What is artificial intelligence? (ctd.)
 AI is a study in which computer systems are made that think like human beings.
Haugeland, 1985 & Bellman, 1978.
 AI is a study in which computer systems are made that act like people. AI is
the art of creating computers that perform functions that require intelligence
when performed by people. Kurzweil, 1990.
 AI is the study of how to make computers do things which at the moment
people are better at. Rich & Knight, 1991
 AI is a study in which computers that rationally think are made. Charniac &
McDermott, 1985.
 AI is the study of computations that make it possible to perceive, reason and
act. Winston, 1992.
 AI is the study in which systems that rationally act are made. AI is considered
to be a study that seeks to explain and emulate intelligent behaviour in terms
of computational processes. Schalkeoff, 1990.
 AI is considered to be a branch of computer science that is concerned with
the automation of intelligent behavior. Luger & Stubblefield, 1993.

What’s involved in Intelligence?
• Ability to interact with the real world
– to perceive, understand, and act
– e.g., speech recognition and understanding and synthesis
– e.g., image understanding
– e.g., ability to take actions, have an effect
• Reasoning and Planning
– modeling the external world, given input
– solving new problems, planning, and making decisions
– ability to deal with unexpected problems, uncertainties
• Learning and Adaptation
– we are continuously learning and adapting
– our internal models are always being “updated”
• e.g., a baby learning to categorize and recognize animals

Academic Disciplines relevant to AI
• Philosophy Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical
system, foundations of learning, language,
rationality.
• Mathematics Formal representation and proof, algorithms,
computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability
• Probability/Statistics modeling uncertainty, learning from data
• Economics utility, decision theory, rational economic agents
• Neuroscience neurons as information processing units.
• Psychology/ how do people behave, perceive, process cognitive
Cognitive Science information, represent knowledge.
• Computer building fast computers
engineering
• Control theory design systems that maximize an objective
function over time
• Linguistics knowledge representation, grammars

HAL: from the movie 2001
• 2001: A Space Odyssey
– classic science fiction movie from 1969
• HAL
– part of the story centers around an intelligent
computer called HAL
– HAL is the “brains” of an intelligent spaceship
– in the movie, HAL can
• speak easily with the crew
• see and understand the emotions of the crew
• navigate the ship automatically
• diagnose on-board problems
• make life-and-death decisions
• display emotions
• In 1969 this was science fiction: is it still science
fiction?

Hal and AI
• HAL’s Legacy: 2001’s Computer as Dream and Reality
– MIT Press, 1997, David Stork (ed.)
– discusses
• HAL as an intelligent computer
• are the predictions for HAL realizable with AI today?
• Materials online at
– http://mitpress.mit.edu/e-books/Hal/contents.html
• The website contains
– full text and abstracts of chapters from the book
– links to related material and AI information
– sound and images from the film

Consider what might be involved in
building a computer like Hal….
• What are the components that might be
useful?
– Fast hardware?
– Chess-playing at grandmaster level?
– Speech interaction?
• speech synthesis
• speech recognition
• speech understanding
– Image recognition and understanding ?
– Learning?
– Planning and decision-making?

Can we build hardware as complex as the brain?
• How complicated is our brain?
– a neuron, or nerve cell, is the basic information processing unit
– estimated to be on the order of 10 12 neurons in a human brain
– many more synapses (10 14) connecting these neurons
– cycle time: 10 -3 seconds (1 millisecond)
• How complex can we make computers?
– 108 or more transistors per CPU
– supercomputer: hundreds of CPUs, 1012 bits of RAM
– cycle times: order of 10 - 9 seconds
• Conclusion
– YES: in the near future we can have computers with as many basic
processing elements as our brain, but with
• far fewer interconnections (wires or synapses) than the brain
• much faster updates than the brain
– but building hardware is very different from making a computer
behave like a brain!

Can Computers beat Humans at
Chess?
• Chess Playing is a classic AI problem
– well-defined problem
– very complex: difficult for humans to play well
• Conclusion:
– YES: today’s computers can beat even the best human
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1997
Ratings
Human World Champion
Deep Blue
Deep Thought
PointsRatings

Can Computers Talk?
• This is known as “speech synthesis”
– translate text to phonetic form
• e.g., “fictitious” -> fik-tish-es
– use pronunciation rules to map phonemes to actual sound
• e.g., “tish” -> sequence of basic audio sounds
• Difficulties
– sounds made by this “lookup” approach sound unnatural
– sounds are not independent
• e.g., “act” and “action”
• modern systems (e.g., at AT&T) can handle this pretty well
– a harder problem is emphasis, emotion, etc
• humans understand what they are saying
• machines don’t: so they sound unnatural
• Conclusion:
– NO, for complete sentences
– YES, for individual words

Can Computers Recognize Speech?
• Speech Recognition:
– mapping sounds from a microphone into a list of words
– classic problem in AI, very difficult
• “Lets talk about how to wreck a nice beach”
• (I really said “________________________”)
• Recognizing single words from a small vocabulary
• systems can do this with high accuracy (order of 99%)
• e.g., directory inquiries
– limited vocabulary (area codes, city names)
– computer tries to recognize you first, if unsuccessful hands you over to a
human operator
– saves millions of dollars a year for the phone companies

Recognizing human speech (ctd.)
• Recognizing normal speech is much more difficult
– speech is continuous: where are the boundaries between words?
• e.g., An English professor wrote the words: "A woman without her man is nothing" on the
board and asked his students to punctuate it correctly.
All of the males in the class wrote: "A woman, without her man, is nothing."
All the females in the class wrote: "A woman: without her, man is nothing."
– large vocabularies
• can be many thousands of possible words
• we can use context to help figure out what someone said
– e.g., hypothesize and test
– try telling a waiter in a restaurant:
“I would like some dream and sugar in my coffee”
– background noise, other speakers, accents, colds, etc
– on normal speech, modern systems are only about 60-70% accurate
Conclusion:
– NO, normal speech is too complex to accurately recognize
– YES, for restricted problems (small vocabulary, single speaker)

Can Computers Understand speech?
• Understanding is different to recognition:
– “Time flies like an arrow”
• assume the computer can recognize all the words
• how many different interpretations are there?

– 1. time passes quickly like an arrow?
– 2. “time-flies” are fond of arrows
– …

– 1. time passes quickly like an arrow?
– 2. command: time the flies the way an arrow times the flies
– 3. command: only time those flies which are like an arrow
– 4. “time-flies” are fond of arrows
• only 1. makes any sense,
– but how could a computer figure this out?
– clearly humans use a lot of implicit commonsense knowledge in
communication
• Conclusion: NO, much of what we say is beyond the
capabilities of a computer to understand at present

Can Computers Learn and Adapt ?
• Learning and Adaptation
– consider a computer learning to drive on the freeway
– we could teach it lots of rules about what to do
– or we could let it drive and steer it back on route when it heads for
the edge
• systems like this are under development (e.g., Daimler Benz)
• e.g., RALPH at CMU
– in mid 90’s it drove 98% of the way from Pittsburgh to San Diego without any
human assistance
– machine learning allows computers to learn to do things without
explicit programming
– many successful applications:
• requires some “set-up”: does not mean your PC can learn to forecast the
stock market or become a brain surgeon
• Conclusion: YES, computers can learn and adapt, when
presented with information in the appropriate way

• Recognition v. Understanding (like Speech)
– Recognition and Understanding of Objects in a scene
• look around this room
• you can effortlessly recognize objects
• human brain can map 2d visual image to 3d “map”
• Why is visual recognition a hard problem?
• Conclusion:
– mostly NO: computers can only “see” certain types of objects under
limited circumstances
– YES for certain constrained problems (e.g., face recognition)
Can Computers “see”?

Can computers plan and make optimal decisions?
• Intelligence
– involves solving problems and making decisions and plans
– e.g., you want to take a holiday in Brazil
• you need to decide on flights
• you need to get to the airport, etc
• involves a sequence of decisions, plans, and actions
• What makes planning hard?
– the world is not predictable:
• your flight is canceled or there’s a backup on the 405
– there are a potentially huge number of details
• do you consider all flights? all dates?
– no: commonsense constrains your solutions
– AI systems are only successful in constrained planning problems
• Conclusion: NO, real-world planning and decision-making is still
beyond the capabilities of modern computers
– exception: very well-defined, constrained problems

Summary of State of AI Systems in Practice
• Speech synthesis, recognition and understanding
– very useful for limited vocabulary applications
– unconstrained speech understanding is still too hard
• Computer vision
– works for constrained problems (hand-written zip-codes)
– understanding real-world, natural scenes is still too hard
• Learning
– adaptive systems are used in many applications: have their limits
• Planning and Reasoning
– only works for constrained problems: e.g., chess
– real-world is too complex for general systems
• Overall:
– many components of intelligent systems are “doable”
– there are many interesting research problems remaining

Intelligent Systems in Your Everyday Life
• Post Office
– automatic address recognition and sorting of mail
• Banks
– automatic check readers, signature verification systems
– automated loan application classification
• Customer Service
– automatic voice recognition
• The Web
– Identifying your age, gender, location, from your Web surfing
– Automated fraud detection
• Digital Cameras
– Automated face detection and focusing
• Computer Games
– Intelligent characters/agents

AI Applications: Machine Translation
• Language problems in international business
– e.g., at a meeting of Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese and Swedish investors,
no common language
– or: you are shipping your software manuals to 127 countries
– solution; hire translators to translate
– would be much cheaper if a machine could do this
• How hard is automated translation
– very difficult! e.g., English to Russian
– “The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak” (English)
– “the vodka is good but the meat is rotten” (Russian)
– not only must the words be translated, but their meaning also!
– is this problem “AI-complete”?
• Nonetheless....
– commercial systems can do a lot of the work very well (e.g., restricted
vocabularies in software documentation)
– algorithms which combine dictionaries, grammar models, etc.
– Recent progress using “black-box” machine learning techniques

Summary of Today’s Lecture
• Artificial Intelligence involves the study of:
– automated recognition and understanding of signals
– reasoning, planning, and decision-making
– learning and adaptation
• AI has made substantial progress in
– recognition and learning
– some planning and reasoning problems
– …but many open research problems
• AI Applications
– improvements in hardware and algorithms => AI applications in industry,
finance, medicine, and science.
• Reading: chapter 1 in text,

How much is a Machine Intelligent?

Simulating 1 second of real brain activity takes
40 minutes and 83K processors
• Researchers have simulated 1 second of real brain activity, on a network
equivalent to 1 percent of an actual brain’s neural network, using the
world’s fourth-fastest supercomputer.
• The results aren’t revolutionary just yet,
• http://gigaom.com/2013/08/02/simulating-1-second-of-real-brain-activity-takes-40-
minutes-83k-processors/

IBM Watson
• http://www-03.ibm.com/innovation/us/watson/
• NY Times article
• Trivia demo
• IBM Watson wins on Jeopardy (February 2011)

Vision
• OCR, handwriting recognition
• Face detection/recognition: many
consumer cameras, Apple iPhoto
• Visual search: Google Goggles
• Vehicle safety systems: Mobileye

Google self-driving cars
• Google’s self-driving car passes 300,000 miles
( 8/15/2012)

Natural Language
• Speech technologies
• Google voice search
• Apple Siri
Machine translation
• translate.google.com
• Comparison of several translation systems

Math, games
• In 1996, a computer program written by researchers at Argonne
National Laboratory proved a mathematical supposition
unsolved for decades
• NY Times story: “[The proof] would have been
called creative if a human had thought of it”
• IBM’s Deep Blue defeated the reigning world chess champion
Garry Kasparov in 1997
• 1996: Kasparov Beats Deep Blue
“I could feel – I could smell – a new kind
of intelligence across the table.”
• 1997: Deep Blue Beats Kasparov
“Deep Blue hasn't proven anything.”
• In 2007, checkers was “solved”
• Science article

Logistics, scheduling, planning
• During the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed an
AI logistics planning and scheduling program that
involved up to 50,000 vehicles, cargo, and people
• NASA’s Remote Agent software operated the
Deep Space 1 spacecraft during two experiments
in May 1999
• In 2004, NASA introduced the MAPGEN system to
plan the daily operations for the Mars Exploration
Rovers

Information agents
• Search engines
• Recommendation systems
• Spam filtering
• Automated helpdesks
• Fraud detection
• Automated trading
• Medical diagnosis

Robotics
• Mars rovers
• Autonomous vehicles
– DARPA Grand Challenge
– Google self-driving cars
• Autonomous helicopters
• Robot soccer
– RoboCup
• Personal robotics
– Humanoid robots
– Robotic pets
– Personal assistants?

Towel-folding robot
• J. Maitin-Shepard, M. Cusumano-Towner, J. Lei and P. Abbeel, “Cloth Grasp
Point Detection based on Multiple-View Geometric Cues with Application
to Robotic Towel Folding,” ICRA 2010
YouTube Video

Human Intelligence VS Artificial Intelligence

Human Intelligence
• Intuition, Common sense,
Judgement, Creativity,
Beliefs etc
• The ability to demonstrate
their intelligence by
communicating effectively
• Reasoning and Critical
thinking
Artificial Intelligence
• Ability to simulate human
behavior and cognitive
processes
• Capture and preserve
human expertise
• Fast Response. The ability to
comprehend large amounts
of data quickly.
Pros

– Humans are fallible
– They have limited
knowledge bases
– Information processing of
serial nature proceed very
slowly in the brain as
compared to computers
• Humans are unable to
retain large amounts of data
in memory.
• No “common sense”
• Cannot readily deal with
“mixed” knowledge
• May have high development
costs
• Raise legal and ethical
concerns
Human Intelligence Artificial Intelligence
Cons

We achieve more than we know.
We know more than we understand.
We understand more than we can explain
(Claude Bernard, 19th C French scientific philosopher)

Artificial Intelligence
• AI software uses the
techniques of search and
pattern matching
• Programmers design AI
software to give the
computer only the problem,
not the steps necessary to
solve it
Conventional Computing
• Conventional computer
software follow a logical
series of steps to reach a
conclusion
• Computer programmers
originally designed software
that accomplished tasks by
completing algorithms
Artificial Intelligence VS Conventional Computing

Artificial intelligence & Our society
Why we need AI??
To supplement natural intelligence for e.g
we are building intelligence in an object so that it
can do what we want it to do,
as for example-- robots, thus reducing human labor
and reducing human mistakes

A Perspective
• For Humans Intelligence is no more than TAKING a right
decision at right time
And
• For Machines Artificial Intelligence is no more than
CHOOSING a right decision at right time
• I think Artificial intelligence is the Second intelligence ever to
exist

Is AI dangerous?
• What is a Sentient AI?
• Sentience = self-awareness
• Human-level intelligence

The Plausibility of Sentient AI
• Moore’s Law: exponential growth!

The Plausibility of Sentient AI
• The Blue Brain Project
– It could be possible to model a complete human
brain within ten years – on a single machine, no
less.
• Ray Kurzweil:
– “… we will have both the hardware and the software
to achieve human level artificial intelligence with
the broad suppleness of human intelligence
including our emotional intelligence by 2029”

The Controversy
• Should humans strive to build sentient AI?
– What are the risks? Benefits?
– Is it ethical or morally responsible?
– What rights should artificial beings have?
– Would there be any place for us?

Sentient Artificial Intelligence could be
dangerous
• I, Robot
• Thinking for one’s self
• Turn skills against humans
• Resent taking care of weaker race
• Stephen Hawking:
– “in contrast with our intellect, computers double
their performance every 18 months … the danger is
real that they could develop intelligence and take
over the world”
• Natural selection and resources
• Big Dog

Sentient Artificial Intelligence would
take jobs away from humans
• Around the neighborhood
– “in the home, by the end of 2003, about 610,000
autonomous vacuum cleaners and lawn-mowers were in
operation” (United Nations)
• Medicine
– “computers [are] better able to distinguish signs of
Alzheimer's than humans, and [prove] cheaper, faster
and more accurate than current methods” (Richard
Frackowiak, “PC beats doctor in scan tests”)
• Car industry
• Outsourcing is already a problem

Ethical Dilemma
• Robot Rights
– If machines have the potential to exhibit complex
behaviors such as altruism, language, and self-
reproduction, “questions of ‘machine rights’ and
‘robot liberation’ will surely arise in the future”
(Robert A. Freitas)
• Society’s views on the rights of sentient AI
• Is it right to create life?
– Is sentient Artificial intelligence life?

Blown out of proportion
• Movies such as I, Robot, Terminator, and The
Matrix
• Take negative ideas and make them prominent.
• Give society a negative idea of sentience and AI.
• These movies are not an accurate idea of the potential
uses of sentience.
• Benefits of Sentient AI
• Benefits of AI be more important than the very small
possibility of these movies becoming a reality.

Job loss isn’t a bad thing
• Take those jobs away!
• Dangerous occupations
• Depths of space
– One-way Missions
• Biological limitations
• Purely repetitive tasks
• Waste disposal
• Increase Efficiency

Creation- A bribe!
• Still just a robot
• Overall benefits to mankind
– Utilitarianism View
• Exploration into the unknown

Sentient AI is beneficial
• Artificial intelligence is already being used in
society
– Social
• Video games – intelligent foes
– Industrial
• Smarter assembly lines
– Mathematical
• Consumer purchasing prediction models

Other benefits of Sentient AI
• Nanotechnology
• Smart patches and medical innovations
– Acquire medical information without even going to a doctor
• Commercial
• Sentient artificial intelligence won’t fear doing more risky
jobs.
– More safe work environment
• Reach areas previously inaccessible by humans, and
develop!

• Smart Cars – Lexus
• Park itself!
• Roomba!
• Think QRIO
A Life of Luxury

Conclusion / Compromise
• Some level of artificial intelligence is capable of
benefitting society
• AI should be specialized in a specific task so as
to not become more like humans
• If these requirements are met, AI should be
allowed to be developed more

Summary of Today’s Lecture
• Artificial Intelligence involves the study of:
– automated recognition and understanding of signals
– reasoning, planning, and decision-making
– learning and adaptation
• AI has made substantial progress in
– recognition and learning
– some planning and reasoning problems
– …but many open research problems
• AI Applications
– improvements in hardware and algorithms => AI applications in industry,
finance, medicine, and science.
• Human Intelligence VS Artificial Intelligence
– Artificial Intelligence VS Conventional Computing
• Is AI dangerous?
– Sentient AI
• Reading: chapter 1 in text,

AI Introduction

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