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Air Pollution for community medicine by Dr. Yogesh
- 1. Air Pollution Guided by –Dr Ankita Ma’am Presented by- Yogesh Choudhary Roll no - 21100
- 2. Definition The term "airpollution" signifies the presence in the ambient (surrounding) atmosphere of substances (e.g., gases, mixtures of gases and particulated matter) generated by the activities of man in concentrations that interfere with human health, safety or comfort, or injurious to vegetation and animals and other environmental media resulting in chemicals entering the food chain or being present in drinking-water and thereby constituting additional source of human exposure.
- 3. Basic Definitions Gaseous airpollutants are those present as gases or vapors, they affects human respiratory system Gaseous Air Pollutant emitted into the atmosphere from a source such as a factory chimney or exhaust pipe Primary Air Pollutant Secondary air pollutants are those formed within the atmosphere itself e.g. - Ozone Secondary Air Pollutant Comprises of materials in solid or liquid phase suspended in atmosphere. They can be primary or secondary Particulate Air Pollutant Local Scale Urban Scale Regional Scale Hemispheric and Global Scale
- 4. Sources Industries • Major sourcein Urban areas. • They emit hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. Automobiles • Domestic combustion of coal, wood or oil is a major source of smoke, dust, Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Domestic Sources • Burning refuse, incinerators, pesticide spraying, natural sources (e.g., wind borne dust, fungi, molds, bacteria) and nuclear energy programmes. Miscellaneou s • Combustion of fuel to generate heat and power produces smoke, Sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and fly ash. Many industries discharges CO, CO2, H2S, O3, SO2. Tobacco Smoke
- 5. Air Pollutants Carbon MonoxideSulphur Dioxide Lead Cadmium Hydrogen Sulphide Ozone Carbon dioxide Hydrocarbons Oxides of NitrogenParticulate matter
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- 7. Monitoring of Airpollution ● Sulphur dioxide : This gas is a major contaminant in many urban and industrial areas. Its concentration is estimated in all air pollution surveys. ● Smoke or soiling index: A known volume of air is filtered through a white filter paper under specified conditions and the stain is measured by photoelectric meter. ● Grit and dust measurement : Deposit gauges collect grit, dust and other solids. These are analyzed monthly. ● Coefficient of haze ● Air pollution index : It is an arbitrary index which takes into account one or more pollutants as a measure of the severity of pollution.
- 8. Effects of AirPollution Health Aspect Socioeconomic aspect • comprise destruction of plant and animal life • corrosion of metals • damage to buildings • cost of cleaning • maintenance and repairs and aesthetic nuisance.
- 9. Prevention and Controlof Air Pollution Containmen t • That is prevention of escape of toxic substances into the ambient air. • This can be achieved by enclosure, ventilation and air cleaning 1 Replacement 2 3 • That is, replacing a technological process causing air pollution, by a new process that does not. Dilution • Dilution is valid so long as it is within the self cleaning capacity of the environment. • The establishment of "green belts" between industrial and residential areas is an attempt at dilution.
- 10. Prevention and Controlof Air Pollution Legislation • Air pollution is controlled in many countries by suitable legislation, e.g., Clean Air Acts. • To decrease the nuisance of air pollution, the Government of India have enacted "The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act" in 1981. International Action • To deal with air pollution on a world-wide scale, the WHO has established an international network of laboratories for the monitoring and study of air pollution. 4 5
- 11. Disinfection Of Air Applicationof oil to floors of hospital wards reduces the bacterial content of the air. Dust Control Tri ethylene glycol vapors have been found to be effective air bactericides, particularly against droplet nuclei and dust. Chemical Mists This reduces vitiated air and bacterial density Mechanical Ventilation Effective in special situations such as operation theatres and infectious disease wards. Ultraviolet Radiation
- 12. Thank you!! Reference –1. Park Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine by K. Park (27th Edition)