2. Introduction
We could live about a month without food. We could
even live for several days without water. But without
air, we cannot live more than a few minutes.
We might foul the air so badly in some places that it
could become unfit to breath. In some areas, the air
is so bad that people become sick from breathing it,
and some even die because of it.
The World Health Organization estimates that a
billion people live in places where the air is
substandard and that air pollution kills 8,000 people
a day worldwide. About 90% of the deaths occur in
developing countries.
4. What is air pollution?
Air pollution is the contamination of air by the
discharge of harmful substances.
5. Indoor Pollutions
There are many sources of
indoor air pollution.
Tobacco smoke
cooking
heating appliances
vapors from building
materials, paints,
furniture
other materials within
the home that emit
unhealthy chemicals
6. Explanation
While air pollution is thought to be a problem related
to outdoor air, the same pollutants can be found
indoors. We spend up to 60% of our time indoors and
our homes are not always the safe places we would
like them to be.
These chemicals, some of which are called volatile
organic compounds (VOC) can cause ill health and
they are found in carpets, chipboard, furnishing
fabrics, clothing pesticides, cleaning products,
toiletries, cosmetics and hobby products.
8. Explanation-Cars
Cars are wonderful things. You can go where you want and when. You can
travel with friends or family in a weatherproof lounge-room on wheels that
whisks you along far faster than you could run. But they do create air pollution.
Lead in petrol
Photochemical smog
discomfort.
Catalytic converters
But as more and more cars take to the road, even these much cleaner cars are
still a major source of pollution. Also, using a precious metal like platinum
makes the converters very expensive to produce.
9. Explanation-Natural Pollution
Even before there were people, there were air
pollution. Wildfires, windblown dust, and volcanic
eruptions added pollutants to the atmosphere, and
they still do so. Volcanoes spew ash and poisonous
gases into the atmosphere.
Dust storms, especially in arid regions, add massive
amounts of particulate matter to the atmosphere.
10. Explanation-Burning of Coal
Air Pollution in China
As China strives to become an industrial power, its people are paying a
heavy price in pollution. Coal burning supplies about ¾ of China’s
commercial energy needs. The coal has a high sulfur content, and
emission controls are often inadequate. As a result, levels of sulfur
dioxide and particulate matter are among the highest in the world.
About half of China’s largest cities have SO2 levels above the WHO
guidelines. Some cities, such as Lanzhou and Taiyuan, have levels
almost 10 times the WHO standard. All but 2 of 82 cities monitored
exceeded WHO guidelines for particular matter.
China’s growing fleet of motor vehicles also contributes to air pollution
problems. Most vehicles are operated in large cities, and because few
have effective emission controls, they contribute heavily to the smog in
these cities.
China is beginning to attack the problem by closing heavily polluting
factories in some larger metropolitan areas. The Chinese government
has also invested in gas and in cleaner, more efficient briquettes as
replacements for raw coal as a fuel for domestic cooking and heating.
11. Major Air Pollutants
Carbon Monoxide (CO) CO Carbon Dioxide
(CO2)
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)
Ozone (O3 )
Nitrogen Oxide (NOx)
12. Atmosphere as a Resource
Types and Sources of Air Pollution
Major Classes of Air Pollutants
Sources of Outdoor Air Pollutants
Urban Air Pollution
Effects of Air Pollution
Controlling Air Pollution in the US
13. Atmosphere as a Resource
Atmospheric
Composition
Nitrogen 78.08%
Oxygen 20.95%
Argon 0.93%
Carbon dioxide 0.04%
Ecosystem services
Blocks UV radiation
Moderates the climate
Redistributes water in
the hydrologic cycle
14. Types and Sources of Air Pollution
Air Pollution
Chemicals added to the atmosphere by natural
events or human activities in high enough
concentrations to be harmful
Two categories
Primary Air Pollutant
Harmful substance that is emitted directly into the
atmosphere
Secondary Air Pollutant
Harmful substance formed in the atmosphere when a
primary air pollutant reacts with substances normally
found in the atmosphere or with other air pollutants
17. Particulate Material
Thousands of different solid or liquid particles
suspended in air
Includes: soil particles, soot, lead, asbestos, sea
salt, and sulfuric acid droplets
Dangerous for 2 reasons
May contain materials with toxic or carcinogenic
effects
Extremely small particles can become lodged in
lungs
18. Nitrogen and Sulfur Oxides
Nitrogen Oxides
Gases produced by the chemical interactions
between atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen at high
temperature
Problems
Greenhouse gases
Cause difficulty breathing
Sulfur Oxides
Gases produced by the chemical interactions
between sulfur and oxygen
Causes acid precipitation
19. Carbon Oxides and Hydrocarbons
Carbon Oxides
Gases carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide
(CO2)
Greenhouse gases
Hydrocarbons
Diverse group of organic compounds that contain
only hydrogen and carbon (ex: CH4- methane)
Some are related to photochemical smog and
greenhouse gases
20. Ozone
Tropospheric Ozone
Man- made pollutant in the lower atmosphere
Secondary air pollutant
Component of photochemical smog
Stratospheric Ozone
Essential component that screens out UV radiation
in the upper atmosphere
Man- made pollutants (ex: CFCs) can destroy it
21. Sources of Outdoor Air Pollution
Two main sources
Transportation
Industry
Intentional forest
fires is also high
24. Urban Air Pollution
Photochemical Smog (ex: Los Angeles below)
Brownish-orange haze formed by chemical reactions
involving sunlight, nitrogen oxide, and hydrocarbons
28. Effects of Air Pollution
Low level exposure
Irritates eyes
Causes inflammation of respiratory tract
Can develop into chronic respiratory diseases
29. Health Effects of Air Pollution
Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate material
Irritate respiratory tract and impair ability of
lungs to exchange gases
Nitrogen Dioxides
Causes airway restriction
Carbon monoxide
Binds with iron in blood hemoglobin
Causes headache, fatigue, drowsiness, death
Ozone
Causes burning eyes, coughing, and chest
discomfort
31. Effects of Air Pollution
Global Warming– the increased concentration of
carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere lead to rise in earth’s average
temperature.
Ozone
Greenhouse Effect
Acid Rain comes mainly from sulfur dioxide emitted
from power plants and smelters and from nitrogen
oxides discharges from power plant and
automobiles. These acids are often carried far before
falling as rain or snow. Acids corrode metals and
even erode stone buildings and statues.
32. Children and Air Pollution
Greater health threat to children than adults
Air pollution can restrict lung development
Children breath more often than adults
Children who live in high ozone areas are more
likely to develop asthma
33. Controlling Air Pollution in US
Smokestacks with
electrostatic precipitator
(right)
Without Electrostatic
Without Electrostatic
precipitator
precipitator
With Electrostatic
With Electrostatic
precipitator
precipitator
34. Controlling Air Pollution in
the US
Smokestacks with scrubbers
(right)
Particulate material can also
be controlled by proper
excavating techniques
36. The Clean Air Act
Authorizes EPA to set
limits on amount of
specific air pollutants
permitted
Focuses on 6 pollutants:
lead, particulate matter,
sulfur dioxide, carbon
monoxide, nitrogen
oxides, and ozone
Act has led to decreases!
38. Ozone Depletion in Stratosphere
Ozone thinning/hole
First identified in 1985 over
Antarctica
Caused by
human-produced bromine
and chlorine containing
chemicals
Ex: CFCs
39. Ozone Depletion in Stratosphere
Hole over Antarctica requires two conditions:
Sunlight just returning to polar region
Circumpolar vortex- a mass of cold air that
circulates around the southern polar region
Isolates it from the warmer air in the rest of the planet
Polar stratospheric clouds form
Enables Cl and Br to destroy ozone
40. Effects of Ozone Depletion
Higher levels of UV-
radiation hitting the
earth
Eye cataracts
Skin cancer (right)
Weakened immunity
May disrupt ecosystems
May damage crops and
forests
41. Recovery of Ozone Layer
Montreal Protocol (1987)
Reduction of CFCs
Started using HCFCs (greenhouse gas)
Phase out of all ozone destroying chemicals is
underway globally
Satellite pictures in 2000 indicated that ozone
layer was recovering
Full recovery will not occur until 2050
42. Acid Deposition
Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide emissions
react with water vapor in the atmosphere and
form acids that return to the surface as either
dry or wet deposition
pH scale
46. Air Pollution Around the World
Air quality is deteriorating
rapidly in developing countries
Shenyang, China
Residents only see sunlight a few
weeks each year
Developing countries have older
cars
Still use leaded gasoline
5 worst cities in world
Beijing, China; Mexico City, Mexico;
Shanghai, China; Tehran, Iran; and
Calcutta, India
50. WHO Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database (update 2016)
More than 80% of people living in urban areas that monitor air
pollution are exposed to air quality levels that exceed the World Health
Organization (WHO) limits. While all regions of the world are affected,
populations in low-income cities are the most impacted.
According to the latest urban air quality database, 98% of cities in low-
and middle income countries with more than 100 000 inhabitants do
not meet WHO air quality guidelines. However, in high-income
countries, that percentage decreases to 56%.
In the past two years, the database – now covering 3000 cities in 103
countries – has nearly doubled, with more cities measuring air
pollution levels and recognizing the associated health impacts.
As urban air quality declines, the risk of stroke, heart disease, lung
cancer, and chronic and acute respiratory diseases, including asthma,
increases for the people who live in them.
51. The WHO urban air quality database is currently being updated. If you are an official air quality data
provider either at country or city level, please use this template to submit the data.
52. Emissions to air
Emissions to air and noise emissions arise during the manufacture of cement.
Furthermore with regard to the use of waste, odors can arise, e.g. from the storage
and handling of waste. In this section, ranges of air pollutant emissions are
presented for the process of cement production, including other process steps, such
as the storage and handling of, e.g. raw materials, additives and fuels including
waste fuels. The IPPC Directive [7] includes a general indicative list of the main air-
polluting substances to be taken into account, if they are relevant for fixing
emission limit values. Relevant to cement manufacture including the use of waste
are: · oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and other nitrogen compounds, · sulphur dioxide
(SO2) and other sulphur compounds dust, · total organic compounds (TOC)
including volatile organic compounds (VOC), · polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins
and dibenzofurans (PCDDs and PCDFs), · metals and their compounds, · hydrogen
fluoride (HF), · hydrogen chloride (HCl), · carbon monoxide (CO). Not mentioned on
the list, but considered to be relevant for cement production is carbon dioxide
(CO2). Furthermore, emissions of NH3 may be considered to be relevant, especially
when using secondary measures/techniques for NOx reduction. The main emissions
from the production of cement are emissions to air from the kiln system. The main
constituents of the exit gases from a cement kiln are nitrogen from the combustion
air; CO2 from calcination of CaCO3 and combustion of fuel; water vapour from the
combustion process and from the raw materials; and excess oxygen.
53. Dioxin Facts
Dioxins and furans are the most toxic chemicals
known to science
Dioxins cause infertility, learning disabilities,
endometriosis, birth defects, sexual reproductive
disorders, damage to the immune system, cancer
and more.
93% of dioxin exposure is from eating meat and
dairy products.
54. Pollutants Released by Cement
Kilns
Carbon dioxide (global warming gas)
Acid Gases, Nitrogen Oxides, Sulfur Dioxide,
Particulate Matter
19 heavy metals, including lead, mercury,
cadmium and chromium VI
Products of Incomplete Combustion (PICs),
including dioxins, furans and Polycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
56. Hazardous Waste Fuels vs. Traditional Fuels
Hazardous Waste either emitted into air,
absorbed into CKD, or into clinker (final
product)
Using hazardous waste produces 104% more
cement kiln dust by volume
Lead concentrations 250% higher
Cadmium concentrations 150% higher
Chromium concentrations 50% higher
Selenium concentrations 100% higher
700 times more dioxin
![Emissions to air
Emissions to air and noise emissions arise during the manufacture of cement.
Furthermore with regard to the use of waste, odors can arise, e.g. from the storage
and handling of waste. In this section, ranges of air pollutant emissions are
presented for the process of cement production, including other process steps, such
as the storage and handling of, e.g. raw materials, additives and fuels including
waste fuels. The IPPC Directive [7] includes a general indicative list of the main air-
polluting substances to be taken into account, if they are relevant for fixing
emission limit values. Relevant to cement manufacture including the use of waste
are: · oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and other nitrogen compounds, · sulphur dioxide
(SO2) and other sulphur compounds dust, · total organic compounds (TOC)
including volatile organic compounds (VOC), · polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins
and dibenzofurans (PCDDs and PCDFs), · metals and their compounds, · hydrogen
fluoride (HF), · hydrogen chloride (HCl), · carbon monoxide (CO). Not mentioned on
the list, but considered to be relevant for cement production is carbon dioxide
(CO2). Furthermore, emissions of NH3 may be considered to be relevant, especially
when using secondary measures/techniques for NOx reduction. The main emissions
from the production of cement are emissions to air from the kiln system. The main
constituents of the exit gases from a cement kiln are nitrogen from the combustion
air; CO2 from calcination of CaCO3 and combustion of fuel; water vapour from the
combustion process and from the raw materials; and excess oxygen.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/airpollution-250326061002-99492f96/85/AIR-POLLUTION-of-community-health-nursing-II-52-320.jpg)
