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Almond
- 1. Almond 1
- 2. Introduction • Known as king of nut • Most traded dry fruit across globe • Origin –southwest and central asia • Producers- USA, Spain, Italy, Greece, Turkey, India • Producing states- Jammu& Kashmir 2
- 3. Taxonomy • Order :Rosales • Family :Rosaceae • Genus :Prunus • Subgenus :Amygdalus • Species :P. communis (2n=28) • Synonymes: • Prunus dulcis • Amygdalus communis • Amygdalus dulcis • Prunus amygdalus 3
- 4. Varieties • Varieties for J & K :- Makhdoom, Parbat, Waris, Shalimar, Afghanistan Seedling, IXL, Merced, Non Pareil • Himachal Pradesh • High and mid hills :- Merced, Non Pareil, IXL • Valley areas:- :- Drake, Katha, Peerless, Ne Plus Ultra • Dry temperate zone :- Ne Plus –Ultra, Texas, IXL 4
- 5. Climate and soil • Temperate fruit crops • Site with good soil and air drainage • Free from hailstorm and frost in spring • require cool winter, frost free spring and warm dry summers • South facing slopes are best for almond growing 5
- 6. Contd… • Altitude- 750- 3210 m above msl • Unopen flower withstand temperature of -2.2°C • Blossoms at petal fall damaged by .5 to -1.1°C • Chilling requirement- 200 to 700 hrs below 7.2°C • Deep, well drained, loamy soil is ideal • pH- 5.5 to 6.8 6
- 7. Propagation • ‘T’ budding :July- August • Wedge grafting :February- March • Rootstocks • Dry areas- bitter almond, wild peach, behmi • Irrigated area- peach seedling, Lovell, Halford, Nemaguard, Nemared, • Clonal rootstocks-GF 677, GF 557, Marianna 2624, Myrobalan 2032 and Marianna GF 8/1 • Root stocks of 8- 10 month old or pencil thickness are used 7
- 8. Planting • Pit of 1m3 size dig during September- October • Planting done during February- March • Spacing • Normal - 6x6 m • Medium HDP -4x4 m • HDP -3.5x 2.5-3.5 m • Pollinizer planted in every third row • Pollinizers- IXL, Jordanalo, Nee-Plus-Ultra, Waris 8
- 9. Training and pruning • Open center system • At time of planting- headed back plant at 70 cm height • First branch allowed only above 0.6m • 3-4 scaffold branches selected (croch angle- 45-60) • Primary branches are headed back to ½ to 1/3 of the growth • Summer pruning in second year to form secondary framework scaffold 9
- 10. Contd… • Third year dormant pruning • 2-3 secondary branches on each main branches are selected • Shoots growing inward and interfering with the main branches are pruned off • Almond bears fruits on spurs which remain fruitful for about 5 years • Pruning should be done in such a manner that one fifth of fruiting wood is removed every year • Unwanted water sprouts and suckers should be removed 10
- 12. Cont… • It is heavy feeder, require proper nutrition • N applied in 2-3 split dose • Half N and full P& K applied one fort night before expected bloom • 1/4th N- 3 weeks after fruit set • 1/4th N- June/July 12
- 13. Irrigation • Irrigation done in an interval of 10-15 days • Critical stages • Flowering :February - March • Fruit development: April- June • Drip irrigation- 4L/hr for 5 hr at an interval of 4-5 days 13
- 14. Flowering and fruiting • Flowering: January- April ,depending on cultivars • Bud differentiation: August- September, continue up to February • Inflorescence form on shoot and spur • Flower-perigynous, self incompatible • Pollination: cross pollination by bees 14
- 15. contd… • Pollinizers in orchard -33% • 4-6 beehives/ha placed in orchard- 12-15% higher yield • Fruit growth in 3 stages • Stage 1-pericarp, seed, nucellus develops • Stage 2 endosperm and embryo enlarge • Stage 3-dry weight of embryo increases • Fruit is drupe 15
- 16. Harvest • Bearing start from 3-4 year • Optimum yield obtained from 8-10 years • Harvesting time: August- September • Indices: hull split of 95% nuts • Harvested manually • Yield: 10-20q/ha shelled almond 16
- 17. Post harvest management • Hulling- removal of hull from seeds • Done immediately after harvest manually or mechanically • Drying- to reduce mould growth during storage • Can be store more than 1 year at 0-7°C 17
- 18. • Pest • Chaffer beetle • Brown mite • Navel orange worm • Diseases • Shot hole • Almond decline • Crown gall 18
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