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Amar deep stem cell lu
- 1. Introduction to StemCells By AMAR DEEP Ph. D. Scholar Department of Zoology University of Lucknow Lucknow – 226007 (India)
- 2. A Life Story… EmbryonicStem Cells blastocyst - a very early embryo Tissue Stem Cells fetus, baby and throughout life
- 3. Stem cells areunspecialized cells that are thought to be able to reproduce themselves indefinitely and under the right conditions, to develop into a wide variety of mature cells with specialized functions. What are Stem Cells? Stem cells can: • Self-renew to make more stem cells. • Differentiate into a specialized cell type.
- 4. Definitions: Totipotent: Able to giverise to all type of differentiated cells including placenta. eg. Single cell embryo. Multipotent: Stem cells that can become only a few types of cells are called multipotent. eg. Fetal tissue, Cord blood, Adult stem cells. Pluripotent: Stem cells that can become many types of cells in the body are called pluripotent. Undifferentiated inner cell mass of the blastocyst.
- 5. Type of StemCells Embryonic stem cells Adult stem cells Pluripotent stem cells
- 6. Embryonic Stem Cells Wheredo embryonic stem cells come from? 8-cell blastocystfertilised egg 2-cellegg Day 0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 6 Inner cell mass
- 7. Advantages of E.S.Cell 1. Flexible-have the potential to make any cell. 2. Immortal-can provide an endless supply to cells. 3. Availability-embryos from in vitro fertilization clinics.
- 8. neurons Embryonic stem (ES)cells: Challenges embryonic stem cells skin blood liver ?
- 9. Disadvantage of E.S.Cell 1. Difficulty to differentiate uniformly into a target tissue. 2. Immunogenic ie. cells from a random embryo donor may be rejected after transplantation. 3. Tumorigenic ie. capable of forming tumors. 4. Destruction of developing human life.
- 10. Tissue Stem Cells:Adult Stem Cells • Adult stem cell is an undifferentiated (unspecialized) cell ie. found in differentiated (specialized) tissue. • Also includes stem cells isolated from fetal and cord blood. • Reside in most tissues of the body where they are involved in repair and replacement
- 11. Adult Stem Cells Brain Skeletal Muscle Liver,Skin, GIT & Pancreas Bone Marrow & Blood Stream Eye dental pulp & Eye Sources of Adult Stem Cells
- 12. Disadvantage of AdultStem Cell • Limited quantity- can sometimes be difficult to obtain in large numbers. • Finite- may not live as long as embryonic stem cell in culture. • Less flexible- may be more difficult to reprogram to form other tissue type.
- 13. Why are adultstem cells preferable to embryonic stem cells ? • Adult stem cells are naturally exist in our bodies and they provide a natural repair mechanism for many tissue. eg. hematopoietic stem cells. • They belong in the microenvironment of an adult body, where they never cause tumors and immune system reactions. • Adult stem cells have already been successfully used in human therapies.
- 14. Pluripotent Stem Cells •Pluripotent Stem Cells are descendants of the totipotent stem cells of the embryo. • Similar properties to embryonic stem cells as can differentiate into many different tissue types. • Terminally differentiated cells induced to become pluripotent with in vitro manipulation k/a induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
- 15. Induced pluripotent stemcells (iPS cells) cell from the body ‘genetic reprogramming’ = add certain genes to the cell/culture condition induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell behaves like an embryonic stem cell Advantage: no need for embryos! all possible types of specialized cells culture iPS cells in the lab differentiation
- 16. • Apoptosis No apoptosisin stem cells • Telomere No shortening of telomere in stem cells • DNA Methylation Minimum DNA methylation in stem cells Stem cells specialty
- 17. Identification of stemcells • Cell morphology • Expression of unique cell surface antigens • Characterization of biochemical markers such as tissue specific enzymatic activity • Expression of genes that are unique to a particular cell type • Nuclear chromosomal karyotype to access genetic stability
- 18. Applications of StemCell Research Animal model testing for pharmaceutical research Use of stem cells in transplantation and cell replacement therapy Conservation of endangered species Understanding fundamental events in embryonic development Therapeutic delivery system To resolve mysteries of developmental biology To investigate genes involved in differentiation and development Cell banking for research applications
- 19. Applications of StemCell Research Study cell differentiation Drug screening & Toxicity testing Bone Marrow for leukemia & chemotherapty Nerve cells for Neurodegener- ative disorders Heart muscle cells for heart disease Pancreatic islet cells for diabetes Pluripotent Stem Cells Cell replacement therapy Therapeutic Use
- 20.
Editor's Notes
- #9 Embryonic stem cells: Challenges Scientists around the world are trying to understand how and why embryonic stem cells produce skin, blood, nerve or any other particular kind of specialized cell. What controls the process so that the stem cells make the right amount of each cell type, at the right time? The big challenge for scientists is to learn how to control these fascinating cells. If we could force embryonic stem cells to make whatever kind of cell we want, then we would have a powerful tool for developing treatments for disease. For example, perhaps we could grow new insulin-producing cells to transplant into a patient with diabetes. But there is a great deal to learn before such therapies can be developed. Scientists also want to use stem cells to: Understand how diseases develop (disease modelling) Test drugs in the laboratory
- #16 Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) Note: This slide contains a lot of information and may be too complex for some audiences unless there is plenty of time for explanations and discussions. What are iPS cells? In 2006, scientists discovered that it is possible to make a new kind of stem cell in the laboratory. They found that they could transform skin cells from a mouse into cells that behave just like embryonic stem cells. In 2007, researchers did this with human cells too. The new stem cells that are made in the lab are called induced pluripotent stem cells. Just like embryonic stem cells, they can make all the different types of cell in the body – so we say they are pluripotent. Making induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells is a bit like turning back time. Scientists add particular genes to cells from the body to make them behave like embryonic stem cells. Genes give cells instructions about how to behave. So, this process is a bit like changing the instructions in a computer programme to make the computer do a new task. Scientists call the process they use to make iPS cells ‘genetic reprogramming’. Why are they exciting? Researchers hope that one day they might be able to use iPS cells to help treat diseases like Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s. They hope to: Take cells from the body - like skin cells - from a patient Make iPS cells Use those iPS cells to grow the specialized cells the patient needs to recover from the disease, e.g. certain brain cells. These cells would be made from the patient’s own skin cells so the body would not reject them. There is a long way to go before scientists can do this, but iPS cells are an exciting discovery.