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American studies 2016 03
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- 2. Gilded Age Architecture VictorianInfluence Henry Hobson Richardson Louis Sullivan “Father of Skyscrapers” “form follows function” Frank Lloyd Wright “organic architecture” Foursquare Homes
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- 7. The Great Depression& New Deal 1929-1941
- 8. Origins and Causes Stockcrash = symptom Banks lacked money, people lost savings, debts were called in, no cash Production stopped, workers fired, no $, consumption declined, no profits, more workers fired
- 9. Origins and Causes Wealthinequalities Ballooning stock market Over reliance on unprotected loans Too much speculation & borrowing Overproduction and uneven distribution capabilities
- 10. President Hoover Herbert Hoover Progressive WarReconstruction Opposed direct federal aid Self-help & volunteerism Self-help cooperatives
- 11. “Hoover’s America” Anti-tax views& opposition to gov’t support deepened depression
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- 14. The Bonus Army/MarchWorld WarOne veterans Gov’t denied their pensions Marched on Washington, 1932 Congregated around White House Gen. Douglas MacArthur Deep class divisions http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqevdBZCbcQ
- 15. Roosevelt and the NewDeal “Relief, Recovery, Reform” Debt spending
- 16. Immediate Responses, 1933 Federal EmergencyRelief Act Federal funds for relief National Industrial Recovery Act Fair work and competition codes Administration to enforce codes Guaranteed labor’s right to organize
- 17. New Deal Programs CivilianConservation Corps Soil Conservation Service Soil Erosion Planting trees Irrigation and range management
- 18. Tennessee Valley Authority Floodcontrol, Electricity, Irrigation, work
- 19. Works Progress Administration WPA Biggestagency 1935 employed 8 million and $2 billion fund Bridges, reservoirs, irrigation, sewage, schools, playgrounds, education, training Work Programs paid minimum wages, pulled them off charity and soup lines “We Work Again” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gk0SpTOi9Aw
- 20. 1935 Social Security Act Safetynet for all Americans Percentage of paycheck Based on shorter life-span Intended to supplement (not replace) income Less inclined to “retire”
- 21. Financial System Federal DepositInsurance Corporation (FDIC) Insured individual bank deposits Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Regulated trading practices in stocks and bonds
- 22. Problems with New Deal Reliefbased on race: Tucson scaled payments based on race Favored large industries and business Hurt some small farmers Local agencies administered relief and ran programs
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- 24. Water and theWest Bureau of Reclamation Hoover Dam Water for L.A., Imperial Valley, Phoenix, and power for region Central Valley Project harnessed the Sacramento River Water storage, irrigation, hydro-electricity Federal-corporate alliance $2.5 billion by 1935
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- 26. Grand Coulee Dam ColumbiaRiver, 1941 Largest concrete structure in the world Created a 150 mile lake Too much power Bonneville Power Administration Powered 70% of Northwest
- 28. The Dust Bowl Economicand environmental disaster Overproduction, monocrops Plowed up grasses for farms to meet the needs of a booming wheat market Soil exhaustion, soil erosion Drought and winds 1935: Blew winds from CO and NE, blackened the sky across the plains, into the East and Atlantic Ocean
- 29. Responses Killed millions ofanimals, burned millions of tons of food Taylor Grazing Act Federal control of grazing
- 30. Migrants: Okies Poor whitesand sharecroppers Evicted from OK, TX, MI, ARK Going to CAL L.A. Police Chief “bum blockade”
- 31. Mexican and OkieFarmworkers
- 32. Mexican Repatriation Mexican &Mexican Americans sent to Mexico Nearly 1 million L.A. County deported 12,000 Colorado deported 20,000
- 33. The Indian NewDeal John Collier Progressive Pueblos Preserve cultures
- 34. The Indian NewDeal Multi-faceted legislation Education Politics Religion Land Culture Language
- 35. Indian Reorganization Act IRA, 1934 Economic& political assistance Business Councils Tribal Constitutions BIA, Interior Over half rejected it
- 36. Women Eleanor Roosevelt Work &aid Patriotic home economics conserve, recycle, help America “as a woman”
- 37. African Americans Jobs ingov’t Sharecropping 100,000 blacks evicted by AAA No loans from FHA Mary McCloud Bethune http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
- 38. “Share the Wealth” HueyLong Populist Gov. in LA Use of radio and sensational claims Rhetoric of poverty / class tensions Senator Share the Wealth Social Justice http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mdzAbxsjPRA&NR=1
- 39. Public Art and CultureFederalWriters Project Theater Oral histories of slavery, folk lore, Indian stories, Mexican Revolution, cowboys, frontier life, etc National cultural resources and heritage Federal Arts Program http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PKsm3SmBBKU&feature=rel
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- 44. New Deal WorkMural
- 45. End of theDepression Federal spending on an unprecedented level failed to stop it The largest entrance of the federal government into the American economy Made the federal government into a “broker state” between labor and capital Social programs and “safety net” Brought fed gov’t into the lives of nearly all Westerners WWII ended the Depression
- 46. Comparisons with thePresent? Wealth inequalities Deregulation Bad Home mortgages Massive individual debt Inflated costs & uncontrolled speculative investments in commodities Collapse of investment-debt-loan system A Vicious Cycle: Retraction of loans, increase in job losses, fall in investments, layoffs, decline in consumption, reduced production, layoffs, no consumption…
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- 49. The Thriving Peacetime Economy Theyears following World War II saw one of the longest sustained economic expansions in the history of the U.S. The automobile industry played a key role in the expansion with millions of cars quickly produced and the steady construction of the interstate
- 51. Changing Work PatternsAt thispoint in history, the United States stopped being primarily a goods producer and began a new path as a service provider People enjoyed the leisure resulting from work which was characterized by conformity and “belongingness.” White-collar and blue-collar workers enjoyed a higher standard of living than ever before
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- 54. Population Growth During theGreat Depression, the birthrate had dropped to an all-time low The birth rate exploded as millions of postwar Americans began families The death rate was also declining due to peacetime and
- 56. Movement West Postwar Americanbecame more mobile than ever before; most headed west Cities throughout the Sunbelt South and West coast saw enormous growth as Americans who had been stationed in these areas returned after the war. Population also shifted away
- 61. Technology A technological revolutiontransformed the war efforts of the Atomic Commission into a collection of scientist hard at work to improve transportation, satellites, and other consumer goods that were often the byproducts of military research The new field of computers also reflected the technology of the era; tiny transistors would help miniaturize computers for use in many items from ovens to vacuum cleaners
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- 64. Traditional Roles for Menand Women The necessities of World War II had interrupted the natural progression of social roles for men and women Postwar, men and women had different expectations: education and business for men and homemaking and childrearing for women Slow change during the decade reestablished the working patterns of the war: women found more entry points into corporate America
- 65. Cultural Rebels Influences ofmysticism and Buddhism Writers of the “Beat Generation” Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg: developed new styles of writing; introduction of the paperback novel Elvis Presley and new rebellion of Rock-n-Roll
- 66. IV. Origins ofthe Welfare State
- 67. Harry Truman America’s firstpostwar president Believed the federal government held the responsibility of ensuring social welfare of Americans His liberal program of social reform was rejected by Congress, but he was elected to
- 69. The Fair Deal Witha new national mandate as a result of the election, Truman again tabled his liberal social program which would be known as the “Fair Deal” Despite mixed results and some failures, Truman was responsible for keeping the Democratic Party alive after its near
- 70. Ike Truman’s popularity fell drasticallyduring his term Former General Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected the next Republican president The opposite to Truman in almost every way, Eisenhower was a restrained president and desired a limited role of the
- 71. V. The OtherAmerica
- 72. Poverty Amid Affluence Economic growthof the era favored the middle and upper classes Fully one third of the population lived substandard existences, usually along the lines of race African Americans continued to be this country’s least prosperous group of citizens
- 77. Lavender Mist No.1 – 1950 – Oil on canvas
- 78. The United StatesTheUnited States in 1960sin 1960s 78
- 79. IntroductionIntroduction The sixties werea time of change, and the sixties were the age of youth. I 70 million children from the post-war baby boom became teenagers and young adults. Vietnam War, Cuban Missile Crisis, Civil Rights Movements, The Beatles, Hippie Culture, Woodstock Festival and assassinations. 79
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- 83. Marilyn Monroe –Silkscreen
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- 87. Dead / DropOuts
- 88. American Civil RightsMovement (1)American Civil Rights Movement (1) 88
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- 90. The Nixon Administration New Federalism- Nixon’sidea to reduce the size and power of the federal government
- 91. Increased Social Security Food Stamp Program Occupational Safetyand Health Administration Nixon expands the Government
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- 98. Reagan’s Plan Reducing thesize of the Federal government Lowering government spending promoting traditional morality and values stimulating business by reducing government regulations and lowering taxes
- 99. “Reaganomics” To reach thisgoal Reagan: make deep cuts in government spending on social welfare programs lower taxes
- 100. Supply Side Economics “Trickle Down” affect Theidea is that: large tax cuts on investments would give more money to the wealthy in turn the wealthy would invest their money in new businesses in order to make more money the new businesses would create new products and services creating more jobs for workers more workers would be making more money creating more taxpayers more taxpayers would increase federal revenues
- 101. The Results of Reaganomics 1982-initially high interest rates caused a severe recession 1986 – inflation dropped to 4% (1980 = 14%) GNP increased by 10% Unemployment declined Stock Market soared
- 102. ©Subject Centre forLanguages, Linguistics and Area Studies Military Spending To strengthen the national defense Reagan increased military spending. Between 1981 and 1984 the defense budget almost doubled “Star Wars” program (aka) Strategic Defense Initiative- created a missile shield to protect the US from a nuclear attack
- 103. George HW Bush Despite popularitydue to the success with the Gulf War there were many problems that led to Bush Sr. not being re- elected
- 104. President Bill Clinton Increasetaxes to reduce the national debt. Balanced budget NAFTA Midterm Elections of 1994 Democrats lost control of both Houses
- 105. Clinton’s Second Term 1998Monica Lewinsky scandal Clinton denied involvement, lying under oath They obtained a semen-stained dress and testimony from Lewinsky and Clinton confessed and apologized Impeachment of Clinton in 1998 after the scandal they acquitted him and he was not forced to leave office.
- 106. Technology Internet becomes available-World WideWeb Cell phones More personal computers; Video Games: Donkey Kong, Super Mario World, Pokemon, Mario Kart, Test Drive series, StarCraft, Sonic. PlayStation