AN EFFICIENT MEMORY DESIGN FOR ERROR TOLERANT APPLICATION1 (1).pdf
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This document describes an efficient memory design for error tolerant applications. It aims to test memories, detect faults, and improve repair ability. The design uses a built-in self-repair (BISR) scheme combining built-in self-test (BIST) and built-in redundancy analysis (BIRA). BIST tests memories and sends fault information to BIRA. BIRA finds repair solutions for faulty memories. The design reduces testing time and switching activities while improving repairability.
![REFERENCES
• [1] Semico Res. Corp., Phoenix, AZ, USA, ASIC IP Rep., 2007. [Online].
Available: http://www.semico.com/content/semico-systemschip-%
E2%80%93-braver-new-world
• [2] Zheng-Yan Wong; Denis C.-K. Wong; Wai-Kong Lee; Kai-Ming Mok,
“High-Speed RLWE-Oriented Polynomial Multiplier Utilizing Karatsuba
Algorithm,” in IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express
Briefs ., 04 January 2021, pp 1 - 1.
• [3] Sanjoy Mitra, Debaprasad Das, “An Efficient VLSI Test Data
Compression Scheme for Circular Scan Architecture Based on Modified
Ant Colony Meta-heuristic June 2020”,Journal of Electronic Testing 36(5)
• [4] P. Öhler, S. Hellebrand, and H.-J. Wunderlich, “An integrated built-in
test and repair approach for memories with 2D redundancy,” in Proc. 12th
IEEE Eur. Test Symp., May 2007, pp. 91–96.
• [5] W. Jeong, I. Kang, K. Jin, and S. Kang, “A fast built-in redundancy
analysis for memories with optimal repair rate using a line-based search
tree,” IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst., vol. 17, no. 12, pp.
1665–1678, Dec. 2009.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/anefficientmemorydesignforerrortolerantapplication11-240311163743-c5568a38/85/AN-EFFICIENT-MEMORY-DESIGN-FOR-ERROR-TOLERANT-APPLICATION1-1-pdf-31-320.jpg)
AN EFFICIENT MEMORY DESIGN FOR ERROR TOLERANT APPLICATION1 (1).pdf
- 1. AN EFFICIENT MEMORY DESIGN FOR ERROR TOLERANT APPLICATION Presented by D KESAVAN AP/ECE
- 2. Objective • To test the memories and to detect the number of faults and to improve repair ability of the systems • The faulty memories are serially tested and repaired • Reduce testing time and switching activities
- 3. Introduction • Built in self repair scheme(BISR) uses the built in self test(BIST) and Built in repair analysis(BIRA). • BIST is used test and detect faulty memories • It send the fault information to BIRA • BIRA is used to find the repair solutions to the faulty memories
- 5. MEMORY MODEL-CONTN • Memory cell is composed of two fundamental components: the ‘storage node’ and ‘select device’. • The ‘select device’ component facilitates the memory cell to be addressed to read/write in an array. • Row and address decoders determine the cell address that needs to be accessed. • Based on the addresses on the row and column decoders, the corresponding row and column get selected which then get connected to sense amplifier. • The sense amplifier amplifies and sends out the data.
- 6. Built-in redundancy analysis (BIRA) • The faulty cells are repaired line by line, including faulty cells which are repaired with a spare row or column, instead of using a bit-by-bit approach. This is called a redundancy analysis (RA) • BIRA module helps to calculate the repair signature based on the memory failure data and the implemented memory redundancy scheme. • It determines whether the memory is repairable in the production testing environments. • The repair signature will be stored in the BIRA registers for further processing by MBIST Controllers or ATE device.
- 7. Existing schemes • DMR • TMR • BIST
- 8. DMR • In reliability engineering, dual modular redundancy (DMR) is when components of a system are duplicated, providing redundancy in case one should fail. • It is particularly applied to systems where the duplicated components work in parallel, particularly in fault-tolerant computer systems • A typical example is a complex computer system which has duplicated nodes, so that should one node fail, another is ready to carry on its work. • DMR provides robustness to the failure of one component, and error detection in case instruments or computers that should give the same result give different results, but does not provide error correction, as which component is correct and which is malfunctioning cannot be automatically determined
- 9. TMR
- 10. TMR • In which three systems perform a process and that result is processed by a majority-voting system to produce a single output. • If any one of the three systems fails, the other two systems can correct and mask the fault. • Triple Modular Redundancy. Three identical logic circuits (logic gates) are used to compute the specified Boolean function. • The set of data at the input of the first circuit are identical to the input of the second and third gates.
- 11. BIST • A built-in self-test (BIST) or built-in test (BIT) is a mechanism that permits a machine to test itself with test pattern generator • The basic BIST architecture requires the addition of three hardware blocks to a digital circuit: a test pattern generator, a response analyzer, and a test controller. • The test pattern generator generates the test patterns for the CUT.
- 12. DRAWBACK • Area • Time complexity • Less fault coverage
- 13. Combined BIST & BIRA Method • To handle permanent faults, this technique will suggested • If any permanent faults are detected the testing control avoid the prohibited zone to apply the MIC(Memory image completion) pattern • It will avoids usage of the faulty zone • This technique is used to reduce the testing cost and complexity
- 14. Memory Built-in Self Repair (BISR)
- 15. Memory Built-in Self Repair (BISR) • Memories occupy a large area of the SoC design and very often have a smaller feature size. • Both of these factors indicate that memories have a significant impact on yield. • To avoid yield loss, redundant or spare rows and columns of storage cells are often added so that faulty cells can be redirected to redundant cells. • Memory repair includes row repair, column repair or a combination of both
- 16. Memory Built-in Self Repair (BISR) • Memory repair is implemented in two steps. The first step is to analyze the failures diagnosed by the MBIST Controller during the test for repairable memories, and the second step is to determine the repair signature to repair the memories. • All the repairable memories have repair registers which hold the repair signature. • BIRA (Built-In Redundancy Analysis) module helps to calculate the repair signature based on the memory failure data and the implemented memory redundancy scheme. • It also determines whether the memory is repairable in the production testing environments. • The repair signature will be stored in the BIRA registers for further processing by MBIST Controllers or ATE device.
- 17. Memory Built-in Self Repair (BISR) • The repair signature is then passed on to the repair register’s scan chain for subsequent Fusebox programming, which is located at the chip design level. • The reading and writing of a Fusebox is controlled through TAP (Test Access Port) and dedicated repair registers scan chains connecting memories to fuses. • The repair information is then scanned out of the scan chains, compressed, and is burnt on-the-fly into the eFuse array by applying high voltage pulses. • On-chip reset, the repair information from the eFuse is automatically loaded and decompressed in the repair registers, which are directly connected to the memories. • This results in all memories with redundancies being repaired. Finally, BIST is run on the repaired memories which verify the correctness of memories.
- 18. Combined BIST and BIRA
- 19. Explanation • It mainly consists of BIST and BIRA modules. • The main purpose is to classify the memories as faulty or not, and the number of faults in each memory is stored in the dedicated wrapper. • When the fault is detected by BIST, the fault information is sent to BIRA through the port Fault_info. • After the test is completed or stopped, the signal Test_ finish is activated and BIRA executes the RA process to find repair solutions
- 20. Explanation- Contn • In this research, a BISR technique for multiple embedded memories with SIC(Simplified Instructional computer) pattern generation is proposed. • To find optimum point of the performance of BISR for multiple embedded memories, the proposed BISR scheme is proposed. All memories are concurrently tested by the small dedicated BIST to figure out the faulty, the number of faults, and irreparability. • After all memories are tested, only faulty memories are serially tested and repaired by the global BIRA according to the sizes of memories in descending order. • In this method, we generates multiple single input change (MSIC) vectors in a pattern, i.e., each vector applied to a scan chain is an SIC vector. • A SIC counter is developed to generate a class of minimum transition sequences respectively, while imposing negligible area and performance overheads on the traditional BISR systems.
- 21. Performance analysis 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Slice lut iob Existing Proposed
- 22. Applications • Satellite systems • Medical fields
- 23. Future works • An Efficient VLSI Test Data Compression Scheme for Circular Scan Architecture Based on Modified Ant Colony Meta-heuristic is designed • A new test data compression scheme for circular scan architecture is proposed in this paper. • A stochastic heuristic based bio-inspired optimization approach namely ant colony algorithm (ACO) is applied after modification and customization to improve compression efficiency. In circular scan architecture, test data compression is achieved by updating the conflicting bits between the most recently captured response and test vector to be applied next. • The quantity of conflicting bits also manifests the Hamming distance between the most recently captured response and the next test vector.
- 24. Future works-Contn • A significant reduction in test data volume and test application time is achieved by reducing Hamming distance. • The problem is renovated as a traveling salesman problem (TSP). • The test vectors are presumed as cities and Hamming distance between a pair of test vectors is treated as intercity distance and a modified ACO algorithm in combination with mutation operator is applied here to resolve this combinatorial optimization problem. • The experimental results confirm the efficacy of this approach. • An average improvement of 6.36% in compression ratio and 4.77% in test application time is achieved. The exhibited technique sustains an optimal level of performance without incurring any extra DFT (design for testability) cost.
- 25. Future works-Contn • High-Speed RLWE-Oriented Polynomial Multiplier Utilizing Karatsuba Algorithm is designed • Cryptography based on ring learning with error (RLWE) problem has become increasingly popular due to its resistance against quantum analysis. The most time-consuming operation in RLWE cryptosystem is polynomial multiplication • Lattice-based cryptography (LBC) is one of the promising post- quantum candidates which offers good security and performance. • Karatsuba algorithm with better complexity compared to SPMA, is not widely studied for FPGA implementation of LBC. • If overclocking or tuning for additional performance, you can manually set the multiplier.
- 26. Future works-Contn • In this paper, we proposed an optimized Karatsuba architecture with novel technique to implement the negacyclic convolution. • The proposed architecture is more than 2.09× faster and 56.06% additional hardware resources is reduced compared to other architecture. • This shows that the Karatsuba algorithm can produce hardware architecture with higher speed yet maintain balanced area-time efficiency • This is especially useful for developing IoT edge nodes or gateway devices that require high speed but able to tolerate some additional hardware area.
- 27. CIRCULAR SCAN ARCHITECTURE • The basic idea of circular-scan architecture is using the captured response of the previously applied test pattern as a template for the next pattern. • In this architecture, only the conflicting bits of previously captured response are updated through a data input pin. • A new circular-scan architecture that makes it possible to select several scan chains in parallel. • In the proposed architecture, multiple conflict bits are selected and updated simultaneously In comparison with original architecture which it is possible to select only one scan chain at each time using a regular decoder, the parallel updating of conflict bits results in more reduction in test data volume and test application time. • Scan chains are selected in parallel, using a multiple-hot decoder. • Experimental results show an average improvement of 26% in test data volume and test application time, in the 5 largest ISCAS'89 benchmark circuits.
- 28. ACO • Ant colony optimization (ACO) is a population-based metaheuristic that can be used to find approximate solutions to difficult optimization problems. • In ACO, a set of software agents called artificial ants search for good solutions to a given optimization problem. • To apply ACO, the optimization problem is transformed into the problem of finding the best path on a weighted graph. • The artificial ants (hereafter ants) incrementally build solutions by moving on the graph. • The solution construction process is stochastic and is biased by a pheromone model, that is, a set of parameters associated with graph components (either nodes or edges) whose values are modified at runtime by the ants.
- 29. ACO
- 31. REFERENCES • [1] Semico Res. Corp., Phoenix, AZ, USA, ASIC IP Rep., 2007. [Online]. Available: http://www.semico.com/content/semico-systemschip-% E2%80%93-braver-new-world • [2] Zheng-Yan Wong; Denis C.-K. Wong; Wai-Kong Lee; Kai-Ming Mok, “High-Speed RLWE-Oriented Polynomial Multiplier Utilizing Karatsuba Algorithm,” in IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs ., 04 January 2021, pp 1 - 1. • [3] Sanjoy Mitra, Debaprasad Das, “An Efficient VLSI Test Data Compression Scheme for Circular Scan Architecture Based on Modified Ant Colony Meta-heuristic June 2020”,Journal of Electronic Testing 36(5) • [4] P. Öhler, S. Hellebrand, and H.-J. Wunderlich, “An integrated built-in test and repair approach for memories with 2D redundancy,” in Proc. 12th IEEE Eur. Test Symp., May 2007, pp. 91–96. • [5] W. Jeong, I. Kang, K. Jin, and S. Kang, “A fast built-in redundancy analysis for memories with optimal repair rate using a line-based search tree,” IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst., vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 1665–1678, Dec. 2009.
- 32. THANK YOU