An Empirical Study on the information systems in the Moroccan organizations: An explanatory model to decide differently and to optimize the IT governance

International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-4, May- 2016]
Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com) ISSN : 2454-1311
www.ijaems.com Page | 415
An Empirical Study on the information systems
in the Moroccan organizations: An explanatory
model to decide differently and to optimize the
IT governance
A.Chakir, H.Nahla, M.Chergui, S.Elhasnaoui, Y.Sekhara, H.Medromi
Laboratory of Informatics, System and Renewable Energy, Hassan II University – ENSEM, Casablanca, Morocco
Abstract— An information system, it’s the key point of the
success of companies [5] [6]. Where from the necessity of
investing to develop information systems, these
investments concern to infrastructures, application
software’s, set up systems, and existing processes.
Companies have to follow policies to manage well their
investment of information systems in an economic and
optimal way, it is the subject of this paper. To validate
our subject, our hypothesis, a study of ground was
necessary. We opted for an empirical study on the
information systems of the high-level Moroccan
organizations in various sectors, by basing itself on
scientific foundations. The study and the data analysis
allowed us to propose new simplified models.
Keywords— Direction of information system, investment
of information systems, Information system, IT
Governance, Empirical study of Moroccan.
I. INTRODUCTION
An information system is conceived to help the company
to reach its goals. This system has to evolve with the
evolution of these objectives. For that purpose, it is
necessary to adopt an approach which presents least risks
and which minimizes the costs to end always in a
complete and completely integrated system.
The economy of the investment of information systems is
badly known: diverse reasons contribute to darken the
knowledge of their costs, and the function of information
system didn’t make to my knowledge the object of a
precise formalization. Some head executive managements
believe they can master the cost of the computing by
following policies of IT management, but these policies,
if we apply them blindly, can have pernicious effects. [2]
If the costs are badly known, the contributions of the
information system are it more still. No company can take
place of an information system today; it is basic; but the
decisions concerning it are rarely rational because we
don’t know how to estimate what it brings.
During its life cycle, any organization arrives at a phase
during which it expresses a lack of resources which
allows him to mitigate its strategic needs. The latter can
concern the financing of its cycle of investment of
information systems, in the objective or to develop its
activity or to spread its economic perimeter towards other
business sectors. [3]
II. DESIGN AND SURVEY METHODOLOGY
The expression of the strategic needs of the stakeholders
of an organization can concern the management of its
information systems in case it aims at deciding
differently, and at evolving. It can also concern the
financing of its cycle of investment in the objective either
to develop and to spread the perimeter of its activity
towards other business sectors, or to govern well its
information system by perpetuating its activity. [7]
At this stage, the company is candidate, influenced by
various marigolds, operates by a refereeing allowing him
to choose between a diversity of reference of the IT
governance and to invest with optimal and reasonable
costs in information system.
Most of the scientific studies on the subject of the
governance of information systems showed that the
implementation of a good practice of the IT governance
can succeed on conflicts of selection between the various
best practice for the company be candidate and conflicts
of the economy of the investment in information system.
The decision of the latter " the selection of an IT
reference and the economy of the investment in
information system " being influenced by internal or
external constraints.
To understand better the factors which impact on the
economy of the investment of information systems and
selection of an IT reference as well as actions susceptible
to act positively on companies to evolve his activities, we
led a quantitative study by means of a questionnaire with
analysis and interpretation of the results.

2.1 Survey Methodology
In this article we present the philosophy adopted to
properly conduct our investigation, objectives, exposing
the methodology and analyze the results.[10][11][12]
2.1.1 Description of the survey
In the phase of harvest of the data of this work, we opted
for a survey by questionnaire [1][4], the general aspects
of which are presented below.
2.1.2 Problem
What are the factors which influence the decision of
companies to opt for deciding differently, for evolving
and for saving the investment in information system in
Morocco?
2.1.3 Objective of the survey
• Understand the features which characterize the
behavior of companies in their choices of an IT
reference.
• Raise some measures susceptible to save the
investment in information system.[8]
2.1.4 Target of the survey
We based ourselves on the list of 51 big Moroccan
companies which have potentially all the assets to
improve their information system and to save the
investment in information system in Morocco. A
representative sample is going to allow us to normalize
the answers so that they are very close to the reality of all
the companies of the population mother.
2.1.5 Support of the survey
To lead well our study, we based ourselves on
questionnaire which we developed according to the
following approach:
Our questionnaire incorporates the following elements
• The types of communication between the
internal actors and the external actors of
companies; [11][13]
• The financing adopted in the DSI more exactly
information systems;
• The utility of information systems; [4][9]
• The management of information systems; [13]
• The incentive measures in the selection of an IT
reference.
2.1.6 Plan of sounding
Within the framework of this present article we opted for
a methodological approach in the determination of a
representative sample of the companies which present a
high potential to decide differently, to evolve [9] and to
save up of the investment in information system.
The choice of the sample is based on a careful selection of
individuals to treat all the business sectors.
We are going to demonstrate the distribution of the
population studied according to all the activities declared
by the HCP (the official classification of the naming).
Fig.1: business sector of the studied population
2.2 Perusal and analysis of the results
This part will be reserved for the analysis of the answers
receipt with companies and it is true from the statistical
treatment of the data obtained to have an understanding of
the factors which impact on companies to decide
differently, to evolve and to save the information systems
of the Moroccan organizations. And in the light of these
results, we are going to try to bring our recommendations.
2.2.1 The studied variables
Business sector, Budget DSI, Management IT, Cost of IT,
Size, Cost, Utility IT. This study produces crossed
paintings, graphs with clouds by basing itself on the
factorial analysis by correspondences.
The body Investigated.
Table 1 : The body Investigated
The majority of the people who answered our questions
have a good profile what would give more sense and
relevance to the counted answers.
IT Utility and IT Existence
Companies, studied population, benefit from the
implementation of information systems.
Secteur d'activité Entreprise
9
1
2
4
6
12
10
1
5
3
Agriculture, forestry and fishing
Mining industries
Manufacturing industry
Production and supply of electricity, gas, vapor and aircondit
Production and water distribution, purification, waste manage
Construction (Building, public works)
Trade, repair of automobile and motor bicycles
Transport and storing
Accommodation and restoration
Information and communication
Financial activities and of insurance
Real estate Activities (Sale, rent)
Specialized, scientific and technical activities
Activities of administrative departments and support
Public administration (Prefecture, municipality, district)
Education (primary, secondary, upper, public, private)
Human health and social action (Hospitals, private hospitals)
Arts, show and creative activities (Music, cinema)

Table 2: the evaluation of " IT Utility IT " compared with
the " IT existence "
The persons in charge have to think always of improving
their information systems, to benefit more from their
utility.
DSI Budget and Effective
The figure below explains well the change of the DSI
budget according to effective of company. We notice that
the DSI budget is unpredictable compared with the size of
the studied companies.
Table 3: the evaluation of "Budget DSI" compared with
the " effective of company "
• To have more profitability of information system, it is
necessary to increase a reasonable budget compared
with the size of the company and its activity.
• It is necessary to give more importance for the DSI.
(The DSI is not any more a service support)
DSI Budget and IT Management
In the studied sample, we notice that there is not a relation
bijective between the DSI budget and the IT management.
Table 4: the evaluation of the budget DSI with regard to
the management IT
DSI Budget and choice of IT reference
The table 5 shows that the choice of the IT reference is
made according to the certification of the employees, the
organized trainings IT, the costs of deployment, and
sometimes can be imposed or according to the DSI
budget.
Table 5: the evaluation of the "DSI budget" with regard
to the "choice of IT reference"
The choice of the IT reference isn’t correct which can engender
a bad choice.
DSI Budget, IT Management and Cost of
information system
The cartography below analyzes three factors DSI budget,
IT management and cost of information system by
presenting the perception and the interaction between
them.
We notice that the companies which invest a budget more
than 1 000 000 Dhs, rest with a cost averagely high and
an IT management which cover partially all of IT needs
(Zone C).
For other zones, we see good that there is no equivalence
between three factors which influences the good IT
governance.
Fig.2: analysis of the multiple correspondences "
Variable: DSI Budget, IT Management, Cost of
information system "

The persons in charge have to react to improve the
efficiency of the investments and manage (govern) them
information system in a successful way to reduce the
costs of information system.
Cost of information system, IT Management
and IT effective
The cartography below analyzes three factors: IT
effective, IT management and cost of information system
by presenting the perception and the interaction between
them.
We notice that the companies which have a size of
information system staff more than 20 employees,
introduce a good IT management and a cost so high
exploits. We see that there is a mathematical function
between three factors.
Fig. 3: analysis of the multiple correspondences
“Variable: cost of information system, IT Management
and IT effective”
There is a linear function between the good IT
management, and the combination {IT effective, Cost of
information system}.
III. HYPOTHESES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
3.1 Hypotheses
According to the problems raised by the questioned
companies, we can extract the following hypotheses:
Hypothesis 1: the good governance of information
systems
The construction of a strategic vision of an organization is
considered as a major requirement of the Direction of
Information Systems (DSI), and this seen its contribution
to the global performance of the organization. The smooth
running of the information system of an organization,
their evolution and their effective improvement of the
quality of services of information technology, is reasoned
by the multiplicity and the diversity of the reference of
best practice and of the different methods to assure a good
governance of information systems.
Hypothesis 2: the economy of the investment of
information systems
To produce always better, always cheaper is a leitmotiv
common to all the companies, about is the examined
activity sector. Companies working in the field of
information systems are not thus spared by expiring facts.
The improvement of the quality level of their services and
their products, the control of their processes and thus
associated costs can be made by using dozens reference of
the best practice.
Hypothesis 3: the selection of the best IT reference
The variety of reference tables puts the information
systems managers in front of a problem of joint of these
reference to realize a good management, especially as
there are reference which aim to be global and which
handle all the fields of activity of the IT without being
detailed enough, and those who handle a domain in
particular in detail without a global view.
This diversity of these frames so raises a strategic
difficulty for companies to choose the adequate frames of
the IT governance.
3.2 Recommendation
The IT governance is an emergent subject in the world of
the information technology. However, and this day, there
is a lack of research works on the approach of selection of
IT frames compared with strategic objectives.
We suggest describing a correspondence between the
objectives strategic of an organization and the processes
of IT frames by basing itself on a decision-making system
to select the best IT reference by report a strategic
objective. Furthermore, given the importance of the
interaction, the coordination and the collaboration in
information systems, we propose a solution which
answers these essential requirements for the appropriate
functioning of an organization.
IV. CONCLUSION
Through this article we have in other ambitions no that to
highlight the factors which impact on the good progress
of the activities of the Moroccan companies.
This empirical study on information systems, shows that
there is a lack on a selective approach to choose an IT

reference as well as a problem of the exploitation of the
budget in an effective and optimal way.
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