An Essential Guide to Possibilities and Risks of Cloud Computing: A Pragmatic, Effective and Hype-Free Approach For Strategic Enterprise Decision Making

An Essential Guide to Possibilities
and Risks of Cloud Computing

An Essential Guide to Possibilities
and Risks of Cloud Computing
“By 2011, early technology adopters will forgo capital expenditures and instead purchase 40%
of their IT infrastructure as a service ... Cloud Computing will take off, thus untying
applications from specific infrastructure.”
by Gartner Highlights Key Predictions for IT Organizations and Users in 2008 and Beyond,
January 2008

A PRAGMATIC, EFFECTIVE
AND HYPE-FREE APPROACH
FOR STRATEGIC ENTERPRISE
DECISION MAKING

Cloud Computing is quite possibly the hottest, most discussed and often misunderstood
concept in Information Technology (IT) today. In short, Cloud Computing proposes to
transform the way IT is deployed and managed, promising reduced implementation,
maintenance costs and complexity, while accelerating innovation, providing faster time-
to-market, and providing the ability to scale high-performance applications and
infrastructures on demand.

The goal of this White Paper is to provide a realistic perspective of the possibilities,
benefits and risks of Cloud Computing; what to look for, what to avoid, and also some tips
and best practices on implementation, architecture and vendor management strategies. It
is important to consider all those aspects before you decide either to move (but without
putting the carriage before the horse) or not to move your systems, applications, and/or
data to to the “Cloud”, in a “hype free” approach.
Note: Mentions of vendors and/or products are NOT endorsements nor recommendations.

By Maria Spínola
http://www.mariaspinola.com

June 2009 - This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License.

AN ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO POSSIBILITIES AND RISKS OF CLOUD COMPUTING

WHY SHOULD YOU CARE?
Business managers know that in spite of the benefits of every new technology/business model,
there are also risks and issues like trust, loss of privacy, regulatory violation, data replication,
coherency and erosion of integrity, application sprawl, and dependencies, among others.
Therefore they realize that rushing things when it comes to Cloud Computing can be a very bad
decision. However, ignoring Cloud Computing all together, because of a belief in your ability to
secure your own environment better than a service provider ever could, or jumping rapidly into it
because the many claims made about Cloud Computing have led you to the point of "irrational
exuberance" and unrealistic expectations, isn't smart either.

This White Paper contains useful information even if your company (either private company or
public organization) has already decided not to use Cloud Computing in the near future. It is likely
that unbeknownst to you, some of your departments are already using Cloud Computing, and
you will need to define a Cloud Governance Program and make it available to all your internal
customers.

For instance, if your company has an IT department, one must agree that it is very tempting for
software developers, pressed to demonstrate a proof of concept, to use a Cloud Computing
service provider and configure the servers there (in minutes or hours), instead of waiting days or
months for new server acquisitions to be approved, delivered, set up by IT, have the network
configured, and so on.

Or maybe it is your sales department that decides to go to a Cloud Computing service provider and
start using their Cloud Computing CRM immediately, instead of waiting months to have an on-
premise CRM program, and you will only become aware of this initiative when they ask to
integrate it with the billing and finance programs.

After all, all they need is a credit card (if the cost is low it may well be within the discretionary
budget of the department, and in some situations not even a credit card is required because some
Cloud offerings are free), to start using any Cloud Computing service immediately, and in true
agile fashion, instead of asking permission to use it, they may be asking you for forgiveness after
they have already done so...

Also, a relatively young company, without a huge IT infrastructure, will tend to move more
quickly to the Cloud, be able to enter and build new "markets" more rapidly, and thus achieve
competitive advantages over more traditional businesses.

Because
Cloud Computing

Without Strategy
can be a Threat

With Strategy
is a Huge Opportunity

Permission to use image provided by Dion Hinchcliffe -
http://blogs.zdnet.com/bio.php?id=hinchcliffe

MARIA SPÍNOLA HTTP://WWW.MARIASPINOLA.COM 2


TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Defining Cloud Computing ............................................................................ 4
1.1 Myth: Cloud Equals SaaS, Grid, Utility Computing, Hosting, etc. etc ........ 4
1.2 What is Cloud Computing? ......................................................................... 4

2 Overall Cloud Computing Adoption ................................................................ 6
2.1 Why Large Public and Private Sector Organizations (not just SMB's)
Are Seriously Considering Cloud Computing? ............................................ 6
2.1.1 Cloud Computing Benefits Example (IaaS) ............................................. 7
2.2 What are the Cloud Computing Challenges and Risks? ............................. 8
2.2.1 Security Issues in Cloud Computing Environments
(Advantages and Challenges) .................................................................... 9
2.2.1.1 Cloud Security Advantages ................................................................... 10
2.2.1.2 Cloud Security Challenges .................................................................... 10
2.2.1.2.1 How can you be sure your Data is Safe? ........................................... 10
2.2.1.2.2 Ensuring Compliance in the Cloud ..................................................... 11
2.2.1.2.3 Monitoring SLA's and Contracts ......................................................... 11
2.2.2 Integration with Your Legacy Systems .................................................... 11
2.2.3 Can Applications Move From One Cloud to Another? ............................. 11
2.4 The Delicate Balance Between Risks and Benefits ................................... 12
2.4.1 Real-World Cloud Computing Applications ............................................ 12

3 Cloud Computing Implementation Road-Map .............................................. 13
3.1 Determine the Bad and Good “Candidates” for the Clould ....................... 13
3.2 Prepare Your IT portfolio for the Cloud ........................................... 14
3.3 Key Questions to Ask Cloud Computing Providers .................................... 14
3.4 Test, Deploy, Monitor and Measure ROI ..................................................... 15

4 Summary And Recommendations ................................................................ 16

5 References .................................................................................................... 17

About the Author: ............................................................................................. 18
Contributing Reviewers: ................................................................................... 18
Design By: ......................................................................................................... 18
Sponsors: .......................................................................................................... 19



1 DEFINING CLOUD COMPUTING
Cloud Computing disrupts the conventional on-premises IT model, where you keep acquiring
servers, PCs and software licenses as your business grows. Running application services on a
cloud platform moves CapEx (capital expense) to OpEx (operational expense) , because business
can develop, deploy and use more application services as they require them, without needing huge
initial capital investments (and ensuing operational costs) for dedicated infrastructure that may
never be needed.

The convergence of Grid and Cluster computing, Virtualization, Web Services and Service Oriented
Architecture (SOA) offers the potential to set IT free from the costs and complexity of its typical
physical infrastructure, allowing concepts such as Utility Computing to become at last meaningful.
With the global economy in crisis, the timing could hardly be better for the technologies and
services Cloud Computing provides, as IT managers are forced to make tough decisions and do
more with less.

1.1 Myth: Cloud Equals SaaS, Grid, Utility Computing, Hosting, etc. etc

With virtually every vendor/provider on the planet jumping on the Cloud Computing bandwagon,
sometimes it's difficult to tell whether a service is truly a Cloud Computing offering or simply a
pre-existing offering that has the Cloud label slapped on it, such as hosting, outsourcing, ASP
(Application Service Provider), On Demand Computing, Grid computing, Utility computing, SaaS
(Software as a Service) and so on.

In fact, Cloud Computing is not a technology revolution, but rather a process and business
evolution on how we use those technologies that enables Cloud Computing as it exists today:
SaaS, inexpensive storage, REST, AJAX, SOA(service-oriented architectures), On Demand
Computing, Grid Computing, Utility Computing, virtualization, etc.

The issue is that many providers of those technologies hijacked the term Cloud Computing, and
it is this confusion that discredits the entire industry; if everyone is doing "Cloud", then in a sense,
no one is doing it. The advantages the cloud are supposed to deliver become dissipated in the
mist of confusion, deception, deceit and disillusionment.

Consider the following analogy: any example of franchising is a business, however not all
businesses are franchises; this line of reasoning can be applied to Cloud Computing: while some
SaaS offerings are Cloud, that doesn't make all SaaS offerings Cloud services.

Just a quick note about the last statement: SaaS is one of the three possible Cloud Computing
delivery modes; however, to be considered Cloud Computing, any of those delivery modes must
have certain specific characteristics (as you will see in the next section - "What is Cloud
Computing?")

For all of the above reasons, it's important to define what is really Cloud Computing because
there is definitely promise of value, despite all the hype and confusion.

1.2 What is Cloud Computing?

In a recent report, McKinsey pointed that there were "at least 22 different cloud
definitions in common use".

We can state that Cloud Computing allows business to increase IT capacity (or add capabilities)
on the fly and in real time (Internet-enabled), without investing in new infrastructure, training
new personnel or licensing new software, and as a pay-per-use service.

However, the above definition is not complete. Here is the NIST (National Institute of Standards
and Technology) simplified version of Cloud Computing:



The five characteristics:

• On-demand self-service: individuals can set themselves up without needing anyone’s help;
• Ubiquitous network access: available through standard Internet-enabled devices;
• Location independent resource pooling: processing and storage demands are balanced across
a common infrastructure with no particular resource assigned to any individual user;
• Rapid elasticity: consumers can increase or decrease capacity at will;
• Pay per use: consumers are charged fees based on their usage of a combination of computing
power, bandwidth use and/or storage

The possible delivery models:

• Cloud Software as a Service (SaaS): Customers rent software hosted by the vendor;
• Cloud Platform as a Service (PaaS): Customers rent infrastructure and programming tools
hosted by the vendor to create their own applications;
• Cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): Customers rent processing, storage,networking and
other fundamental computing resources for all purposes.

The possible deployment models:

• Private cloud: The cloud infrastructure is owned or leased by a single organization and is
operated solely for that organization.
• Community cloud: The cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a
specific community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and
compliance considerations).
• Public cloud: The cloud infrastructure is owned by an organization selling cloud services to the
general public or to a large industry group.
• Hybrid cloud: The cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds (internal,
community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or
proprietary technology).

Note: Private Clouds are also known as Internal Clouds, and Public Clouds as External Clouds.

We can summarize the NIST definition by saying that Cloud Computing is nothing more than a
service model where business workloads such as software applications (SaaS), and/or
Platforms (PaaS) such as programming tools, and/or Infrastructures (IaaS) such as processing,
storage, networking, etc., are used in accordance with the following characteristics:

1. services are provisioned quickly without requiring excessive administrative intervention on
the part of the end user’s organization
2. usage of a shared resource model (pool of virtualized resources) to support a cost-effective
pricing structure (only pay what you consume), either housed locally within the four walls of the
your data center (Private Cloud) or outside the data center at a secondary site or third party
hosting facility (Public Cloud)
3. providing self-service interfaces that let customers acquire resources at any time and get rid
of them the instant they are no longer needed.

A TRUE CLOUD ABSTRACTS THE UNDERLYING HARDWARE FROM THE BUYER, IS
ELASTIC IN SCALING TO DEMAND AND BILLS BUYERS ON A PAY-PER-USE BASIS.

Although the right Cloud Computing definition is important, concentrate on what Cloud Computing
does for your business: it provides a way to increase capacity or add capabilities on the fly
without investing in new infrastructure, training new personnel, or licensing new software, and
you only pay what you “consume”.



2 OVERALL CLOUD COMPUTING ADOPTION
2.1 Why Large Public and Private Sector Organizations (not just SMB's) Are
Seriously Considering Cloud Computing?

Cloud Computing gives you access to completely different levels of scale and economics in
terms of the ability to scale very rapidly and to operate IT systems more cost-effectively than
previously possible, as we can see by the results of the following poll:

:

Permission to use image provided by Frank Gens - http://blogs.idc.com/ie/

We can say that the three main categories of benefits are:

1. delivery of service (faster time-to-value and time-to-market)
2. reduction of cost (CapEx vs. OpEx tradeoff and costs that are more competitive)
3. IT department transformation (focus on innovation vs. maintenance & implementation)

During economic downturns, the ability to speed up time-to-value and time-to-market becomes
more critical than ever, and represents probably the most important benefit of the Cloud. Many
companies are delaying projects unless they deliver a return on investment within weeks. With
Cloud Computing, companies can speed up those times, because of the following benefits:

• No upfront capital investments and less financial risk (allows companies to shift from capital to
operational expenses, which also means better cash flow and a more competitive business); no
more upfront huge capital investments on on-premise infrastructure (applications, servers,
network, maintenance, licenses, hardware, facilities, etc.) with uncertain payoff and that may
never be needed. After all, what if the benefits don't materialize? Too bad, the money's been
spent! With Cloud Computing, you only pay for what you use when you need it and you can
terminate the contract.

"The biggest financial benefit of cloud computing, particularly in these capital-
constrained times, is avoiding taking on debt and keeping cash in the company longer.
If a project uses a cloud-based service provider, then the CFO avoids writing a big
check upfront. Instead, checks are written monthly or quarterly, in alignment with the
return." (Forrester Research, "Talking To Your CFO About Cloud Computing" October
29, 2008)



• Clouds can provide an almost immediate access to hardware resources (for large enterprises,
the ease of deploying a full service set without having to set up base infrastructure to support it
can be even more attractive than cost savings; for start-ups because it allows you to test your
business plan very quickly for little money)

• Large-scale multitenancy achieves significant economic advantage. Sharing the resources and
purchasing power of very large-scale multitenant data centers provides an important economy-
of-scale.

• Easier change management of infrastructure, including maintenance and upgrades (cloud
vendors extensively virtualize and commoditize the underlying components to make it non-
disruptive to replace and improve them frequently)

“On average, 70 percent of an IT budget is spent on maintaining current IT
infrastructures versus adding new capabilities.” (IDC, December 2006)

“In distributed computing environments, up to 85 percent of computing capacity sits
idle. (U.S. Department of Energy, May 18, 2007)

"Energy Cost per Year Can Exceed $105,000 For a Single Rack of Servers" (Gartner,
"Technology Trends You Can't Afford to Ignore", June 2009)

“A cloud-based email administrator handles 10,000 mailboxes, about five times more
than an enterprise email administrator” (Forrester Research, "Talking To Your CFO
About Cloud Computing" October 29, 2008)

• Offers improved agility to deploy solutions (instead of taking months or weeks, now you just
need days or hours) and choice between vendors (particularly when cloud interoperability
becomes more of a reality than it is today)

• Reduces the headaches of integrating and maintaining servers, storage & software, and
eliminates mundane IT management tasks from skilled staff, leaving those tasks as the
responsibility of the Cloud dedicated specialists. This allows your staff to concentrate on what
they are skilled at, and to focus on things that drive the business: service innovation, in other
words, rather than the drudgery of maintaining server uptime, installing yet another software
upgrade, or adding yet another user account.

• Cloud computing also offers an on-ramp for your IT staff to recent computing advances such as
non-relational databases, new languages, and new computing frameworks.

• Cloud Computing can lower IT barriers to innovation and increase interoperability between
disjoint technologies

CLOUD COMPUTING: PAY FOR INNOVATION, NOT INFRASTRUCTURE ...

Maybe the best way to understand all these benefits is by giving an example:

2.1.1 Cloud Computing Benefits Example (IaaS)

Consider a researcher at a pharmaceutical company that needs to analyze a lot of data fast. If the
results turn out as expected, the company could have a world-class success (and high profits) on
its hands. But 25 servers are needed to crunch the huge volume of data!

• Scenario without Cloud Computing: wait until the purchase request is approved, wait until the
servers arrive, wait until the servers are configured, etc. all of which can take several weeks or
even several months. Let's say it takes three months. In an industry where the cost of delaying a



product is estimated at $150 per second, that three months' wait would cost more than $1 billion.

• Scenario with Cloud Computing: the researcher clicks over to Amazon Web Services, configures
the 25 servers in the Cloud in one hour, and within two hours has crunched the data. Total fee for
the time using Amazon’s resources? Just $89.

Just a note: this isn't an imaginary example! This really happened at pharmaceutical company Eli
Lilly, as you can see at:
http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/magazineFeature/0,296894,sid14_gci1349671,00.html
Although this is a real-world example, there were some concerns about security and SLAs
(Service Level Agreements) that Eli Lilly faced, such as: "How could they prove there was no
trace of their data left in the Amazon Cloud? They had to take Amazon's word for it", and that's
what we will address in the following sections.

IF ALL OF YOUR IT INFRASTRUCTURE (APPLICATIONS, DATA, SERVERS, ETC.) COULD
BE MOVED 100% TO PUBLIC CLOUD MODEL, YOUR BUSINESS WOULDN'T NEED TO
BUY ANY MORE HARDWARE, ANY MORE SOFTWARE, OR HIRE ANY ADDITIONAL IT
STAFF.

So if Cloud Computing is all that, why isn't every business using Cloud Computing?

Well, because there are some risks – some major ones – and inherent challenges such as: the
security of the enterprise data that is stored in the cloud, the risk of lock-in to cloud platform
vendors, loss of control over cloud resources that are run and managed by someone else,
reliability, governance, performance, human capital, compliance, integration with legacy systems.
Some of these risks still don't have a industry-wide solution.

Also keep in mind that the majority of those risks and challenges aren't new; they already exist
in current on-premise solutions, hosting, etc., but they are more visible and need a different
analysis and/or re-analysis. This analysis is valuable because, even if at the end you decide not
to move to the Cloud, its findings will be to your business's benefit.

2.2 What are the Cloud Computing Challenges and Risks?

Perhaps by now, you may be asking the following questions, among many others:

• Where is my data?
• How does my data securely enter and exit the cloud?
• How is my data protected in transit?
• Who has access to my data?
• Who is accountable if something goes wrong?
• What’s the disaster recovery plan, including response to a pandemic?
• How to comply with Export and Privacy laws?
• Will my data disappear when my online storage site shuts down?
• What happens if my cloud provider disappears?
• How is the environment monitored for OS / DB / application failures and how are we notified?
• How is the data protected and secured from theft and damage? Encrypted? and how are the
encryption keys rotated and managed?
• How easy is it to integrate with existing in-house IT?
• Does the system have enough customization capabilities to suit my needs?
• Will on-demand cost more? What is the sweet-spot to consider when weighing Cloud vs in-
house?
• How difficult is it to migrate back to an in-house system? Is it even possible?
• Are there any regulatory requirements on my business that can prevent me from using the
cloud?

You are not alone, as you can see by the results of the following poll:



Permission to use image provided by Frank Gens - http://blogs.idc.com/ie/

And let's start with probably the biggest one:

2.2.1 Security Issues in Cloud Computing Environments (Advantages and
Challenges)

GTRA research showed that the most common concern about implementing Cloud
programs was security and privacy, a finding supported by an IDC study of 244 CIO's on
Cloud Computing where 75% of respondents listed Security as their number one
concern

"With services such as Google's SaaS, data loss is less likely because the information is
accessible from anywhere and anytime without saving it to an easily lost or stolen USB
stick or CD" (Eran Feigenbaum, director of security for Google Apps)

"One common mistake is that as soon as you talk about the cloud, organizations assume it's less
secure than their own IT security operation," says Chenxi Wang, principal analyst at Forrester
Research.

And the source of that common mistake is the fact that most organizations pay extraordinary
attention and devote considerable resources to IT security, but that doesn't mean that their data is
any more or less secure. The reality is that many attacks come from a lack of timely software
update management and server misconfiguration. And the likelihood of such issues occurring (at
least as frequently) is greatly reduced in the Cloud, where security-patching process is more
streamlined than in a typical enterprise: vendors, servers and software architecture tend to be
more homogeneous, and due to economies of scale, there is staff dedicated to security, ensuring
application of the latest security patches.

In addition, the larger Cloud providers tend to have a better grasp of threats, because as
Forrester's Wang says: "These people deal with security issues at more complex levels than your
own IT team sees on a daily basis".

Let's look at some Cloud Security Advantages before looking to the Security Challenges:



2.2.1.1 Cloud Security Advantages

• Data fragmentation and dispersal are held by Unbiased Party (cloud vendor assertion); in fact,
shifting public data to an external cloud reduces the exposure of the internal sensitive data
Survey says that more than one-third of IT professionals abuse administrative
passwords to access confidential data (in
http://www.internetnews.com/breakingnews/article.php/3824296)
• Cloud homogeneity makes security auditing/testing simpler
• Dedicated Security Team
• Rapid Re-Constitution of Services
• Greater Investment in Security Infrastructure (Real-Time Detection of System Tampering; Low-
Cost Disaster Recovery and Data Storage Solutions, Hypervisor Protection Against Network
Attacks)
1 In 5 Companies Cutting IT Security Spending in 2009 (in
http://www.informationweek.com/news/storage/security/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=2
18100139&cid=RSSfeed_IWK_All )
• Simplification of Compliance Analysis
• On-Demand Security Controls

However, that doesn't mean you should blindly assume instant security when you opt for a
services provider. Verify the Cloud provider procedures, even if that provider has security
certifications.

Let's now look at some Cloud Security Challenges.

2.2.1.2 Cloud Security Challenges

• Trusting vendor’s security model
• Customer inability to respond to audit findings
• Obtaining support for investigations
• Indirect administrator accountability
• Proprietary implementations can’t be examined
• Loss of physical control; Data dispersal and international privacy laws
• Need for isolation management
• Multi-tenancy
• Logging challenges
• Data ownership issues
• Quality of service guarantees
• Dependence on secure hypervisors
• Attraction to hackers (high value target)
• Possibility for massive outages
• Encryption needs for cloud computing

Let's look in some detail at a few of the major concerns about Security.

2.2.1.2.1 How can you be sure your Data is Safe?

Data safety in the cloud is not a trivial concern. Some online storage vendors such as The Linkup
and Carbonite have lost data, and were unable to recover it for customers.

Secondly, there are data access governance concerns, because there is the danger that sensitive
data could fall into the wrong hands, either as a result of people having more privileges than
required to do the job or by accidental or intentional misuse of the privileges they were
assigned to do their job.

For example, how can you be sure that Cloud providers (especially external providers) apply the



right patches, workarounds, access restriction, isolates systems in a secure way? How can you be
sure that they are doing what they are meant to do (no more and no less)? Who establishes,
maintains and checks audit trails (assuming they are being done in the first place)?

Data segregation is another major concern, because in the cloud your data is typically in a shared
environment alongside with data from other customers. Find out what is done to segregate data,
besides encryption.

2.2.1.2.2 Ensuring Compliance in the Cloud

When it comes to compliance, more questions arise than answers!
For example, if you have customer data in the cloud (files, documents, emails, memos, scanned
images, etc.) what controls are available to ensure compliance with your published privacy
policies and with the privacy and freedom of information regulations in all of the countries where
you do business? Where does liability falls in the case of law suits?

2.2.1.2.3 Monitoring SLA's and Contracts

Before choosing a cloud vendor, due diligence is necessary by thorough examination of the
Service-Level Agreements (SLA's) to understand what they guarantee and what they don’t. In
addition, scour through any publicly accessible availability data. Amazon, for example, maintains a
"Service Health Dashboard" that shows current and historical up-time status of its various
services.

Regarding the level of performance, there will always be some network latency with a cloud
service, possibly making it slower than an application that runs in your local data center. But third-
party vendors, such as RightScale, are building services on top of the cloud to make sure
applications can scale and perform well.

But even when SLA's are set and contracts are signed, there are some concerns that should not
be ignored. For example, who is responsible for monitoring, auditing and enforcing the SLA's?
Or if security is breached or audits fail, who is responsible for measuring and reporting those
breaches? What liability for your business is there in the case of a breach of the SLA ?

Since the Cloud Service consumer has no visibility inside the cloud, the only option is to trust the
provider. Until an independent entity arises that performs those verifications, providers have little
or no incentive to admit fault.

2.2.2 Integration with Your Legacy Systems

Of course you are not going to rely entirely on the Cloud, far from it. Therefore, there will be
plenty of integration work integrating Cloud Applications with your Legacy Systems, as well as
securing the applications as they move around the cloud and your legacy systems.

2.2.3 Can Applications Move From One Cloud to Another?

Yes, but that doesn't mean it will be easy, because there are two main issues here:
interoperability and migration cost policies.

Regarding interoperability, Cloud vendors will have to adopt standards-based technologies in
order to ensure true interoperability. The recently released "Open Cloud Manifesto" supports
interoperability of data and applications, while the Open Cloud Consortium is promoting open
frameworks that will let clouds operated by different entities work seamlessly together. The goal
is to move applications from one cloud to another without having to rewrite them



However, there are two sides to this coin: the massive capital investments Cloud Computing
providers have made in their data centers, on hardware and software, on highly qualified
personnel and so on, will not be generating revenue if customers leave, so customers may incur
switching and migration costs.

Another reason this concern is very important is if your Cloud provider disappears, as happened
with the provider Coghead:

“Then, on Feb. 18, 2009, came the death knell, in an e-mail to customers announcing
Coghead was ending its cloud-based development platform service immediately "due
to the impact of economic challenges." ERP giant SAP bought Coghead's intellectual
property but pulled the plug on the development platform, giving customers until April
30 to retrieve their applications and data.

It took about 4.5 person-months for Shockey, founder and principal of Hekademia
Consulting, to port his CRM application from Coghead to Intuit's QuickBase database.
While he's philosophical about the forced migration, it's a stark reminder of how
quickly a cloud vendor can go under.” (source:
http://www.itworld.com/saas/66657/what-do-if-your-cloud-provider-disappears)

2.4 The Delicate Balance Between Risks and Benefits

Keep in mind that before moving to the cloud (as with any emerging technology and business
model) the most important aspect is that you know your team, know your solutions, and know the
Cloud providers.

The decision to move to the cloud should involve at minimum enterprise architects, developers,
product owners/stakeholders, IT leadership, and outsourcing teams.

Take into account that human capital in your organization may be lacking, because exploring new
models requires an adventurous spirit and technical astuteness, and if your team is not willing to
stretch and learn new things, Cloud Computing can be very frustrating. Also consider the chance
that some of your team elements, may think (and with some reason) that Cloud Computing may
place their jobs at risk.

Some business managers are simply too scared to move forward with Cloud initiatives!
However, this concern, while valid, is not insurmountable. Solutions do exist and are being fine-
tuned every day. There are countless examples of successful Cloud Computing implementations:

2.4.1 Real-World Cloud Computing Applications

• Coca-Cola Enterprises uses a Cloud-based system to streamline operations with
merchandisers in the field;

• Nasdaq uses Amazon’s S3 Cloud Service to deliver historical stock and mutual fund information,
rather than add the load to its own database and computing infrastructure;

• Animoto, a small start-up which decided to use Amazon's Cloud Services, was able to keep up
with soaring demand for its service and scale up from 50 instances to 3,500 instances over a three-
day period;

• Times wanted to place scanned images covering a 60-year period (15 million news stories)
online. After being repeatedly turned down by the CIO for the use of six servers, the newspaper
moved four terabytes into Amazon’s S3, ran all the software over a weekend on EC2 for $25, and
then launched its product in a matter of minutes;

• Mogulus streams 120,000 live TV channels over the Internet and owns no hardware except for
the laptops it uses. It handled all of the election coverage for most of the large media sites. Its
CEO states that he could not be in business without IaaS.



3 CLOUD COMPUTING IMPLEMENTATION ROAD-MAP
In the following diagram, SaaS is consumed by end users (employees, clients, partners), PaaS is
consumed by software developers and IaaS is consumed by IT administrators, and all those
components must be managed either by your company or by a third-party Solution Provider.

Image by Cloud Computing Use Case Discussion Group

3.1 Determine the Bad and Good “Candidates” for the Cloud

First, start by taking a broad look at the applications and other IT resources and systems under
your “control” (both existing ones and planned ones); categorize them into mission-critical (i.e.,
if it goes offline your company will not “survive”) and non-mission-critical. Both mission-critical
and non-mission-critical can be further sub-categorized into core business practices (those that
provide competitive differentiation) and non-core practices (typically internal activities such as HR
services, etc.)

Then apply the following rules of thumb:

1. If mission-critical and non-core, then the application is a good candidate for deployment in
the public clouds
2. If mission-critical and core, then definitely keep it behind the firewall (you may choose to put
them in a private cloud or non-cloud)
3. If non-mission-critical and non-core, then deploy in the public clouds
4. If on-mission-critical and core, then it's a good idea to keep it behind the firewall (you may
choose to put it in a private cloud or non-cloud)

With these rule of thumb in mind let's take a look at some more considerations of good and bad
candidates for Public Clouds:

Good candidates for the Public Clouds:

• Applications that are used by a group of mobile workers to manage their time and activity (like
sales support and field service support applications, e-mail, etc.);
• Software development environments;
• Applications that require system hardware or software not normally used by your company's
IT operations (you can save money on IT infrastructures that you don't use often);



• Applications that are run infrequently but require significant computing resources when run,
like test and pre-production systems;
• Companies who want to have backup for critical applications are good candidates for both public
and private cloud computing;
• Companies that have distributed server locations and data centers (you may be able to make
more efficient use of servers and storage, lowering equipment costs, and also support your IT
investment more efficiently);

Bad candidates for the Public Clouds

• Applications that involve extremely sensitive data, particularly where there is a regulatory or
legal risk involved in any disclosure, will require special treatment if they are to be run on a
public cloud (get legal advice before committing any applications of this type to public cloud
computing);
• Applications that require access to very intensive data workloads (for example, loading the
database onto the cloud may be costly) as well as any performance-sensitive application (i.e.,
one that is very likely to create performance problems if it is to run on a public cloud)
• Applications that require high customization (e.g., customized SaaS)

You should conduct a feasibility study that engages legal, risk, and compliance officers
to determine if cloud computing is appropriate with respect to laws and regulations
your business is subject to.

3.2 Prepare Your IT portfolio for the Cloud

Second, prepare your IT portfolio for the cloud (can be somewhere in between cloud services and
installed applications).

This could be anything from new assets, to the redeployment of certain existing assets or a
complete rewrite of some existing applications (remember not all your current applications are
Cloud-enabled: Service Oriented Architecture and Virtualized applications are better candidates)
taking always in account the security, audit and compliance systems requirements, as discussed
earlier in the “Cloud Computing Challenges and Risks” section. And of course if you take an
insecure application to the Cloud (either public or private), it won't become automatically
secure!

Next you need to find a vendor that meets those security, legal, and compliance requirements (see
the List of Cloud Platforms, Providers, and Enablers and the References section of this Paper)

3.3 Key Questions to Ask Cloud Computing Providers

While reading this section, keep in mind that the exact security measures don’t need to be fully
described by the Cloud Providers (nor should they, otherwise they may have security problems
themselves) but the degree of security provided needs to be stated, then audited by you or by a
trustworthy third party, so that you can be sure that the provider is doing what it claims to be
doing.

These are some of the questions you should have answers to regarding your Cloud Computing
providers, so that you can be confident that they are secure, collaboratively enabled, and
compliant with applicable regulations:

• Where is my data and who has access to it? The provider’s access control and authentication
procedures should be reviewed, and companies should find out if third parties have access to the
information
• How is data being protected? Ask to review the service provider’s architecture to make sure
proper data segregation is available; review their data leak prevention (DLP) deployment to
prevent insider attacks; review the vendor’s data protection techniques to ensure appropriate



cryptography is used for both data in rest and in motion; and make sure the appropriate
documentation is available for auditors.
• Will you maintain the features we contracted? And what are the penalties?
• What's customer support like?
• How can I ensure that my data and the cloud services will continue to be available, in the
event of the provider’s bankruptcy or change in business direction?
• What's the exit strategy?

Some links to information about Cloud Platforms, Providers and Enablers:

• List of Cloud Platforms, Providers, and Enablers: http://groups.google.ca/group/cloud-
computing/web/list-of-cloud-platforms-providers-and-enablers
• An A to Z of Cloud Computing Companies in 2009: http://virtualization.sys-con.com/node/770174
• Research, Companies, Key Players and Platforms: http://www.cloudviews.org/2009/07/cloud-
computing-briefings-about-research-companies-key-players-and-platforms/
• Cloud Computing Technologies (Forrester research):
http://blogs.forrester.com/it_infrastructure/2009/06/your-thoughts-how-mature-are-cloud-
computing-services.html

3.4 Test, Deploy, Monitor and Measure ROI

One of the major benefits of Cloud Computing is the ability to test a concept relatively quickly
and easily. Before making the final decision either to deploy or not to deploy (production phase) to
the Cloud, you should perform full cloud integration tests. This may seem like a lot of work, but
it's worthwhile because when you move a system into the cloud, you introduce a range of new
variables that are beyond your experience and direct control, such as security, performance, etc.

Finally you should have monitoring systems so that you can measure the performance, as also
continuing to measure the ROI. And remember this effort also takes extra time, capital, and
human capital resources.



4 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Experienced business managers know that Cloud Computing, like most trends and new concepts
in the industry, has a tendency to be overhyped. That can create unrealistic expectations and
disappointing results from early adopter and first implementations. The best way to prevent this is
to have a realistic plan for Cloud Computing adoption, one that assures the applications being
targeted are the ones with the best potential for generating benefits. That way you are likely to
reap the rewards of the risk and gain the competitive advantage you sought by using Cloud
Computing in the first place.

To move beyond the hype and the doubt about cloud adoption by enterprises, vendors need to put
aside their differences and agree on common security and interoperability principles. Sooner or
later that will happen, and of course it will help for it to happen sooner than later:

“The Federal Government will transform its Information Technology Infrastructure by
virtualizing data centers, consolidating data centers and operations, and ultimately
adopting a cloud-computing business model” (in
http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/fy2010/assets/crosscutting.pdf)

"Japan to build massive cloud infrastructure for e-government" (in
http://www.greentelecomlive.com/2009/05/13/japan-to-build-massive-cloud-
infrastructure-for-e-government/)

"Obama's Cloud Computing Strategy Takes Shape" (in
http://www.informationweek.com/blog/main/archives/2009/05/obamas_cloud_co.html)

"Federal Government Defining the Expanding World of Cloud Computing" (in
http://cloudsecurity.ulitzer.com/node/973239)

Remember:

• Cloud computing is all about efficient use of resources, principally, managing capital and
technology support costs. Cloud computing is not about technology, it's about Process and the
Business model.
• Some solutions should not be pushed to The Cloud regardless of the perceived fiscal values.
• Some applications and IT teams are not ready for Cloud integration.
• The Cloud reduces your workload in the long run, but to get started, you have to figure out
which model of cloud computing is right for you; which applications or services are best suited to
it; and how to ensure the proper levels of security, compliance, and up-time.
• Cloud applications don’t have to be all-or-nothing in the cloud: you can have applications that
take full advantage of the rapid deployment and scalability in the cloud, without having sensitive
data in public clouds.
• Whether Cloud Computing is a viable choice for your business or not, define the governance
policies on the usage of Cloud Computing, implement them, and make sure that all your
organization knows and applies them.
• Cloud Computing is evolving every day, so keep informed.
• Not all risks and challenges have, at this time, clear answers (see: Cloud’s Security Challenge
Isn’t Just Technical)

Ask for Help — It's OK to not fully understand Cloud Computing and how it can be applied to your
organization/department, but there are Cloud Computing Consortiums, NIST, among other, as
well as industry leaders who have applied Cloud Computing to their business and are willing to
share knowledge with you- you just need to ask!

Here is a short list of the major vendors and consulting companies you can ask for help:
• Dell: http://www.dell.com/cloudcomputing
• Sun: http://www.sun.com/service/cloud/



• HP: http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/newsroom/press/2009/090623xa.html
• IBM: http://www.ibm.com/ibm/cloud/
• VMware: http://www.vmware.com/services/by-solution/cloud-computing.html
• Cap Gemini: http://www.capgemini.com/services/outsourcing/infrastructure-
management/cloud-computing/

Note: The main objective of this White Paper was to bring business managers out of a state of
uncertainty and fear, and give them the understanding and knowledge necessary to make
informed, educated decisions regarding their Cloud Initiatives.
Of course this paper could not address all that’s needed, because some issues such as security or
interoperability are complex enough to be the subject of one or even several White Papers.
As a matter of fact, in order to produce this Paper, a sizable research effort was necessary.
Having collected enough material to write a book. I will release more White Papers in the future
which will be found at this page:
http://www.mariaspinola.com/whitepapers/Updates_White_Paper_An_Essential_Guide_to_Possib
ilities_and_Risks_of_Cloud_Computing.html

5 REFERENCES
- NIST: http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/SNS/cloud-computing/index.html
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing
- http://sites.google.com/site/cloudcomputingwiki/

- Cloud Computing Technologies (Forrester research):
http://blogs.forrester.com/it_infrastructure/2009/06/your-thoughts-how-mature-are-cloud-
computing-services.html
- List of Cloud Platforms, Providers, and Enablers: http://groups.google.ca/group/cloud-
computing/web/list-of-cloud-platforms-providers-and-enablers
- An A to Z of Cloud Computing Companies in 2009: http://virtualization.sys-con.com/node/770174
- Research, Companies, Key Players and Platforms: http://www.cloudviews.org/2009/07/cloud-
computing-briefings-about-research-companies-key-players-and-platforms/
- Cloud Computing Use Cases : http://groups.google.pt/group/cloud-computing-use-cases
- Cloud Computing Interoperability Forum (CCIF): http://groups.google.com/group/cloudforum
- Cloud Computing Blogs & Resources: http://groups.google.com/group/cloud-
computing/web/cloud-computing-blogs-resources

- Cloud Security Alliance: http://groups.google.com/group/cloudsecurityalliance
- Secure Collaboration in the Cloud:
http://www.opengroup.org/jericho/cloud_cube_model_v1.0.pdf
- Cloud's Security Challenge Isn't Just Technical:
http://blogs.govinfosecurity.com/posts.php?postID=164

- The Open Cloud Consortium: http://www.opencloudconsortium.org/index.html
- Open Cloud Manifesto: http://www.opencloudmanifesto.org/
- Cloud providers vow interoperability:
http://www.sdtimes.com/content/article.aspx?ArticleID=33410&print=true

-
http://uptimeinstitute.org/images/stories/McKinsey_Report_Cloud_Computing/clearing_the_air_o
n_cloud_computing.pdf
- http://www.cloudviews.org/2009/05/give-me-some-confidence/
- http://www.cloudviews.org/2009/05/increasing-the-control-over-the-cloud-reducing-the-edos-
danger/
- http://searchcloudcomputing.techtarget.com/
- http://www.infoworld.com/d/cloud-computing
- Government Cloud Computing - http://govcloud.ulitzer.com/
- Cloud Computing: An Overview: http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1554608
- Cloudviews.org - Cloud Computing Conference 2009 in Portugal:
http://www.cloudviews.org/2009/06/cloudviewsorg-cloud-computing-conference-2009/



- InformationWeek Analysis on Private Clouds:
http://i.cmpnet.com/informationweekreports/doc/2009/InformationWeek_Analytics_Alert_Private
Cloud.pdf

ABOUT THE AUTHOR:
Maria Spínola is a Researcher, Strategic IT Marketing And Innovation Adviser, White Paper author
and Copywriter, and Cloud Computing Evangelist with more than 15 years experience in
enterprise information technologies. She holds a Software Engineering degree and a Marketing
and Innovation in Retail and Distribution pos-graduation from Universidade Católica Portuguesa.
She's also editor at http://www.cloudviews.org/author/MariaSpinola/
You can follow her at : http://twitter.com/MariaSpinola

CONTRIBUTING REVIEWERS:
Nelson Ferreira is a Software Architect and Engineer who holds a Computer Science and
Software Engineering degree from Instituto Superior Técnico in Lisbon, and has over 12 years of
experience with Network and Systems Management for large enterprises, both as consultant and
product developer.
You can reach him at: http://www.linkedin.com/in/nelsonferreira

Peter Kretzman is a veteran IT executive with deep experience in leading information systems and
technology organizations. He has served as Chief Technology Officer or CIO at a number of
companies, including Classmates Online in Seattle and PlanetOut Inc. in San Francisco. He has
also provided senior-level IT consulting for companies including Captaris, Microsoft, Clearwire, F5
Networks, Inc., Frank Russell Company, and Getty Images, Inc. Mr. Kretzman has a bachelor's
degree from Stanford University and a master's degree from the University of California at
Berkeley.
Mr. Kretzman writes a blog, “CTO/CIO Perspectives,” which can be found at
http://www.peterkretzman.com
He posts on Twitter at http://www.twitter.com/PeterKretzman

DESIGN BY:
Alexandre Fernandes: http://alexandrefernandes.wordpress.com/



SPONSORS:
cloudviews.org has as its main objective to be a place (site and event
organization) of promotion and discussion of all technologies that are
part of the “Cloud Computing” paradigm. The "Cloud Computing
Conference 2009" presentations are available at: http://2009.cloudviews.org/site/

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