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Anaemia in pregnancy
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- 2. Contents : Prevalenceof anemia Effect of anemia to pregnancy Sign and symptom/ Quizs Management of Anemia Conclusions
- 3. The most frequentnutritional disorder How many suffer from iron deficiency anemia? 2 billion peoples 1/3rd of the world’s population Milman N, Anemia still a major health problem in many parts of the world, Ann Hematol(2011) 90:369–377
- 4. Prevalence of anemia World47% 42% 30% Malaysia 32% 38% 30% Pre-school children Pregnant women Non-pregnant women during child bearing age WHO Global Database on Anemia,2008
- 5. Prevalence Developing countries Africa 35% to 56% Asia 37% to 75% Latin America 37% to 52% Industralised countries- mean prevalence 18% HSNZ- 70.8%
- 6. Definition of anaemia DuringPregnancy Haemoglobin (g/dL) WHO < 11 CDC < 11 (1ST trimester) < 10.5 (2nd trimester) < 11 (3rd trimester) Post partum Haemoglobin (g/dL) <10
- 7. Prepartum anemia Amongfertile, non-pregnant women, 40% have ferritin of∼ ≤30 μg/L(low iron status) Prepartum IDA predisposes to postpartum IDA- some amt blood loss during labour, lactation, dilutional effect of pregnancy Test Level Remarks Serum Ferritin (ug/L) < 30 Low iron status < 15 Iron deficiency Milman N ,Prepartum anemia:prevention and treatment, Ann Hematol(2008) 87:949–959
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- 9. Iron requirement inpregnancy Milman N Ann Hematol 2006; 85(9):559-565 * RNI Malaysia 2005 , National Coordinating Committee on Food and Nutrition (NCCFN),Ministry of Health Malaysia 100mg/day iron for all women* 9x higher Iron requirement during pregnancy
- 10. Anaemia and postpartum haemorrhage Anaemia increase the risk of PPH Unability of uterus to contract Risk of DIVC higher Risk of post partum hysterectomy higher
- 11. Post-partum Anemia 1. JamaiyahHaniffet al.Anemia in pregnancy in Malaysia:a cross-sectional survey.Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2007;16(3): 527-536. “More than 80 percent of maternal deaths are caused by haemorrhage,…… Most of these deaths are preventable when there is access to adequate reproductive health service”
- 12. Post partum anemia Severe postpartum anemia is a complication of 5% of deliveries1 Following delivery, women lose some amount of iron through breastfeeding and lactation2 IDA has been associated with impaired cognitive function and behavioral disturbances in postpartum women2 Mother’s iron status should be evaluated prior to discharge to monitor postpartum anemia2 1. Bodnar LM,et,al. Who should be screened for postpartum anemia? An evaluation of current recommendations. Am J Epidemiol. 2002 Nov 2. Milman N, Iron and folic acid supplementation, Medical Tribune Oct 2010
- 13. Post partum anemia Iron deficiency persists beyond the 4-6 weeks postpartum period2 12% of women are iron deficient up to 12 months after delivery 8% of women are iron deficient 13-24 months after delivery Iron supplementation should continue after delivery if iron status remains low or while the mother is breastfeeding1 1. Bodnar LM,et,al. Who should be screened for postpartum anemia? An evaluation of current recommendations. Am J Epidemiol. 2002 Nov 2. Milman N, Iron and folic acid supplementation, Medical Tribune Oct 2010
- 14. Sign & Symptomsof IDA HEADACHES COLD HANDS & FEET WEAKNESS, FATIGUE, SHORTNESS OF BREATH DIZZINESSPALE SKIN
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- 16. Just name thesign of anaemia..
- 20. What is thesign call?
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- 23. Iron deficiency anemia(IDA)- what is the indicator? Test Level Remarks Serum Ferritin (ug/L) < 30 Low iron status < 15 Iron deficiency Hemoglobin concentration is a poor indicator of iron stores – final stage in the disease spectrum of iron deficiency1 Serum ferritin is a more sensitive indicator of iron deficiency2 A survey of 20- to 30-year-old healthy Danish women revealed1,3 4% had IDA 42% had a low iron status (serum ferritin < 30 μg/L) 10% had ID (serum ferritin < 15 μg/L) 1. Milman N, et al. Ann Hematol 1995;70(4):251-21 2. Milman N ,Prepartum anemia:prevention and treatment, Ann Hematol(2008) 87:949–959 3. Milman N, et al. Eur J Haematol 2003;71(5):51-61
- 24. Company Confidential © 200XAbbott Criteria for Assessing Anemia Test Age Gender Deficiency value Hemoglobin (g/dL) 0.5 - 10 M-F <11 11 - 15 M <12 F <11.5 > 15 M <13 F <12 Pregnancy <11 Hematocrit (%) 0.5 - 4 M-F <32 5 - 10 M-F <33 11 - 15 M <35 F <34 > 15 M <40 F <36 - Hemoglobin test - a test that measures hemoglobin which is a protein in the blood that carries oxygen- Hemoglobin test - a test that measures hemoglobin which is a protein in the blood that carries oxygen - Hematocrit test - the percentage of red blood cells in your blood by volume- Hematocrit test - the percentage of red blood cells in your blood by volume - Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels usually aren't decreased until the later stages of iron- Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels usually aren't decreased until the later stages of iron deficiency(anemia)deficiency(anemia) - Anemia was further categorized into 3 level; mild 9-11g/dL,moderate 7-9 g/dL and severe <7g/dL.- Anemia was further categorized into 3 level; mild 9-11g/dL,moderate 7-9 g/dL and severe <7g/dL.
- 25. IDA – Treatment& Management Goals of treatment: 1. To restore normal levels of red blood cells and hemoglobin levels to normal. 2. To replenish iron stores. How to treat anemia? Increase food intake that are rich in iron Take iron supplement Blood transfusion
- 26. Food that arerich in iron Only 10% to 15% of dietary iron is being absorbed. IDA – Treatment & Management *Women with iron deficiency in pregnancy should not attempt to correct it through means of diet alone. *Mayo Clinic. Iron deficiency anemia. Treatments and drugs.(accesses 7 Sept 2010)
- 27. IDA – Treatment& Management Iron Absorption Enhancers - Vitamin C enhance absorption Fruits: Citrus fruit and juice, kiwi, strawberries, tomatoes etc Iron Absorption Inhibitor Iron binding polyphenol: red wine Coffee & tea Eggs Milk Try to eat food rich in iron together with orange juice or vitamin C tablet as vitamin C will help increase iron absorption !!
- 28. Iron Supplementation: Simpleand effective to treat & prevent IDA. Ferrous iron salts (ferrous fumarate, ferrous sulfate and ferrous gluconate) are the preferred oral preparations of iron as it gives better bioavailability of elemental iron. Slow-release tablet are preferred as it is better tolerated and absorption is 29% greater than standard preparation Iron supplements should be taken at bedtime or between meals to ensure optimum absorption (Milman.N,2000).
- 29. Oral iron treatment Prophylaxis ,100 mg/day elemental iron and 5mg folic acid Treatment, 180mg/day elemental iron and 5 mg folic acid High-dose iron therapy preferably administered as sustained release iron preparations to optimize absorption and reduce GI side effects Milman N ,Prepartum anemia:prevention and treatment, Ann Hematol(2008) 87:949–959
- 30. Amount of elementaliron Preparation Elemental iron (mg/tablet) Ferrous fumarate (200mg) 60 mg Iberet 105 mg of ferrous sulphate Obimin/Obimin plus/ New obimin 30 mg of ferrous fumarate/ferrous sulphate
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- 32. Treatment of IDAin pregnancy In women with slight to moderate IDA (Hb 90–105 g/L) Rx : oral ferrous iron of 100 mg/day∼ Hb checked after 2 weeks Increase > 10g/l Continue oral iron Milman N ,Prepartum anemia:prevention and treatment, Ann Hematol(2008) 87:949–959
- 33. Oral iron prophylaxis Would be convenient for the woman if iron supplements could be taken as combined multivitamin–mineral preparations Should be given as early as 10 weeks gestation or upon first visit to the clinic, when red blood cell mass begins increasing For ID women, supplementation should begin at the time pregnancy is planned. should continue after delivery if iron status remains low, or while the mother is breastfeeding. Slow-release tablets are better tolerated and absorption is 29% greater compared with standard ferrous sulphate preparations Milman N, Iron and folic acid supplementation, Medical Tribune Oct 2010
- 34. Oral iron prophylaxis Iron prophylaxis should be tailored according to serum ferritin levels - 2007 Danish Advisory National Board of Nutrition In Southeast Asia, where the prevalence of ID is estimated to be >90%, dosages of 100 mg/day are needed for the majority of pregnant women Milman N, Iron and folic acid supplementation, Medical Tribune Oct 2010
- 35. Parenteral iron Insufficientor no response to oral iron Severe anaemia Insufficient absorption of oral iron due intestinal disease Need for rapid efficacy Intolerance of oral iron Poor compliance
- 36. Type of parenteraliron Iron dextran Preparation: Iron Dextran (Imferon) - Intramascularly Dose: Elemental iron needed (mg) = 0.66 x(Desired HB- Patient’s Hb) x Weight (kg) + 500 Disadv- persistent pain, skin discoloration Iron sucrose Preparation: venofer- Intravenously Dose: Elemental iron (mg)= Normal Hb- patient’s Hb) x weight (kg) x 0.24 + 500 Less side effect and better tolerated, improved ID in shorter period
- 37. Blood transfusion Hb< 8 g/dl and POA > 36 weeks Hb < 6 g/dl Moderate and severe anaemia in patient with known heart disease or severe respiratory disease Symptomatic anaemia Placenta Praevia with Hb < 10g/dl Patient who develop severe side effect to both oral and parenteral iron therapy
- 38. Impact of intervention restore personal health and raise national productivity levels by as much as 20% Reduction in maternal deaths : anaemia contributes to 20% of all maternal deaths Iron deficiency anemia. https://apps.who.int/nut/ida.htm accessed on May 2011 Maternal Iron & Folic Acid Supplementation Improve Lives !!
- 40. In conclusion IDAis the most frequent form of anaemia in pregnant women Dietary measures are inadequate to reduce the frequency of prepartum IDA Pregnant women should be given 100mg/day iron regardless of ID status in 2nd and 3 rd trimester, prophylactically Treatment of IDA should aim at replenishing body iron deficits Treating and preventing IDA can improve national productivity by 20% and reduce maternal mortality
- 41. Thank you Abbott Laboratories(M) Sdn Bhd
Editor's Notes
- #25 Ellie Whitney, Sharon Rady Rolfes(2008)