Analysis of Emission from Petrol Vehicles in the Koforidua Municipality, Ghana

Gyamfi Bright George.et.al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 7, Issue 3, ( Part -2) March 2017, pp.59-64
www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622- 0703025964 59 | P a g e
Analysis of Emission from Petrol Vehicles in the Koforidua
Municipality, Ghana
Gyamfi Bright George*
, Parbey Joseph **
, Adu-Gyamfi Fehrs ***
*
Automotive Engineering Department, Koforidua Technical University, P.O.Box KF981, Koforidua, Ghana.
**
Energy Systems Eng. Department, Koforidua Technical University, P.O.Box KF981, Koforidua, Ghana.
***
Mechanical Engineering Department, Koforidua Technical University, P.O.Box KF981, Koforidua, Ghana.
ABSTRACT
Koforidua has seen its fair share in the increase in the number of cars on its roads over the past decade. This has
resulted in progressive increase in traffic congestion on the roads and could lead to deterioration in the air
quality. Exhaust gas emissions from a total of 104 vehicles were tested with an exhaust gas analyzer.
Hydrocarbons (HC), Carbon dioxide (CO2) and Carbon monoxide (CO) were measured and compared with EU
standards for gasoline vehicles and Auto Data Technical information. A series of algorithms developed using
Microsoft Excel Spread Sheet were used to analyze the data collected. Out of the total number of cars tested, 74
and 80 cars passed the HC and CO tests respectively. 10 cars out of the total were rated as good under CO2 test.
In total, 69.5% of the cars tested passed the various tests conducted and about 73 cars representing 70.2% of the
cars tested were over 10 years and the emission standards for those years were flexible.
Keywords: Emission; Exhaust gas; Koforidua; Pollution
I. INTRODUCTION
The demand for cars in Ghana is on the
ascendancy (Sulemana, 2012). Out of the total cars
imported into the country every year, 8% of these
cars are brand new with the rest being used cars
(Obeng-Odoom, 2009). According to Chalfin
(2008) and Sulemana (2012), second-hand cars
forms 80% with third-hand, forth hand, etc.
completing the list. Some of these cars are over ten
(10) years, hence termed overage (Sulemana,
2012). On road vehicles contribute over a third of
CO and NO in the atmosphere and over 20% of the
global warming pollution (Union of Concern
Scientist, 2013). In 2010, the emission per capita
of Ghana was 0.4 which is low compared with 10.6
tonnes for OECD countries average (World Bank,
2013 and OECD, 2011).
Table 1 National Fleet Statistics, Ghana
Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
No of
Registered
Vehicles
511,
083
567,7
80
613,1
53
643,8
24
703,37
2
767,06
7
841,31
4
932,540 1,033,140 1,128,138
Source: Nerquaye-Tetteh (2010)
The increase in the number of cars in the
country, especially over-aged cars is contributing
significantly to the deterioration of air quality
(GNA, 2006). Before 2002, there was a ban on the
importation of overage cars into the country aimed
at reducing the negative of these cars on the
environment especially air pollution (Sulemana,
2012). This ban under the auspices of Customs,
Excise and Preventive Service (CEPS) came into
being in 1998. Studies by Sulemana (2012) shows
that after the lifting of the ban, the number of cars
imported into the country increased (Table 1) and
this is expected to come with its associated
negative environmental effects.
Koforidua has seen its fair share in the
increase in the number of cars on its roads over the
past decade. This increased in the number of
registered cars in the town may be due to the
increase in population or the increase in car
ownership as a result of increased in per capita
income, or both. This situation has resulted in a
progressive increase in traffic congestion on the
roads. This could lead to deterioration in the air
quality in the town. Majority of cars and trucks
travel using internal combustion engine burn
gasoline or other types of fossil fuels (Friedman,
2008). This process contributes to air pollution
primarily by directly emitting exhaust gas into the
atmosphere and secondarily through reactions
between pollutants with other compounds they
come into contact within the air. The exhaust gases
comprise Carbon monoxide (CO), Hydrocarbon
(HC), Sulphur dioxides (SO2), Nitrogen oxides
(NO), waste heat and aerosols. According to Hillier
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

et. al. (2006), these exhaust gases result in serious
health implications such as respiratory problems
and may cause death upon exposure to large
concentrations. As a result of health implications of
the release of these pollutants into the environment,
various emission control legislations has been
introduced since 1960 with define limits for
gasoline and diesel engines, as well as test
procedures employed to confirm compliance to
curb or to minimize their emissions (Dietsche,
Klingebiel and Bosch, 2007).
A complete combustion process in internal
combustion engines results in combustion of all the
carbon present if the theoretical quantity of air is
supplied, resulting in the production of CO2 and
water only. However, the combustion process in
internal combustion engines does not result in
complete combustion of all the carbon present if
the theoretical quantity of air is supplied (Zammit,
1987). This is due to insufficient mixing of the
carbon-air mixture in the cylinder before
combustion. Instead, a mixture of CO and CO2,
hydrocarbons (HC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx)
are produced in addition to other harmful gases
(Hillier, Coombes and Rogers, 2006). Complete
combustion can only be achieved when excess air
is supplied.
Efforts have been made over the years to
control emissions from engines to curb pollution
and its effect thereof. There have been various
legislations and regulations to control emissions
levels (Hillier, Coombes and Rogers (2006),
Denton (2006), Rosen and Erwin (1975) and
Hughes, Martz and Denton (1990)). These include
the provision of catalytic converters, positive
crankcase ventilation (PCV) systems, provision of
secondary air injection systems, elimination of the
use of leaded fuels, etc., these measures lead to the
reduction and some cases total elimination of
harmful gases emitted into the environment. The
use of hybrid vehicles are also been encouraged
due to their low emissions, low fuel consumption
and the elimination of idle-at-rest. Pollutions are
due to vehicular emissions that contribute to air
quality problems, smog and global warming
(Gyamfi, 2011). These can be overcome by using
pollution control technologies that eliminate
emissions of dangerous gases on vehicles, fuel
efficient vehicles that burn less fuel, zero-emission
vehicles and switching to cleaner fuels i.e. using
sulphur free fuels, LPG, hydrogen and other
renewable energies (Friedman, 2008).
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Exhaust gases of a total of one hundred
and four (104) petrol engine vehicles were sampled
over a period of ten (10) days. These vehicles
include seventy-four (74) petrol engine vehicles
sampled at the Driver and Vehicle Licensing
Authority (DVLA), Ghana, undergoing road
worthiness test and certification, and thirty (30)
petrol engine vehicles at the Koforidua Polytechnic
Automotive Engineering Workshop, Ghana,
undergoing routine maintenance and servicing. The
vehicles brand names include Opel, Hyundai, VW,
Toyota, KIA, Nissan, Renault, Mitsubishi, Land
Rover, Daewoo, Volvo, Mazda, Geo Prism,
Mercedes Benz and Ford.
The exhaust gases from these vehicles
were analyzed using Tecalmit Garage 4000
(TG4000) exhaust gas analyzer. Autodata,
computer software, was used to obtain the technical
details of the vehicles tested. The TG4000 is
designed to measure CO, CO2, unburned HC, the
air fuel ratio indicated by Lambda and oxygen (O2)
simultaneously in the exhaust gases of petrol
engines. A series of algorithms developed using
Microsoft Excel Spread Sheet were used to analyze
the data collected.
2.1 Experimental Procedure
The TG4000 analyzer was switched on for
about five (5) minutes for the instrument to go
through preheating and calibration stages. A leak
test (which is part of the process in carrying out the
emission test) followed by a hydrocarbon residual
test was performed. A cable from the analyzer was
then attached to one spark plug lead and then earth.
This is done for the analyzer to read the idling
speed of the engine.
A probe from the TG4000 is inserted to
the dip stick hole to record the temperature of the
engine and another probe is inserted into the
exhaust tail pipe as the engine runs on idling speed.
No measurement was performed until the
temperature was above 80°C. The manufacturer’s
manual for the use of the testing equipment
requires that the testing be done at temperatures
above 80°C. The constituents of the exhaust gas are
displayed on the screen of the analyzer.
III. RESULTS
3.1 Emission Standards
The European Union (EU) has emission
standards (Table 2) that manufacturers of vehicles
must adhere to. According to the Environmental
Protection Agency, Ghana, Ghana does not have
motor vehicle emission standards but are in the
process of developing emission standards and
regulations for the country (Zammit, 1987).

Table 2 European Union Emission Standards
GASOLINE AS FROM CO HC NOx
Euro 1 1/7/1992 4.05 0.66 0.49
Euro 2 1/1/1996 3.28 0.34 0.25
Euro 3 1/1/2000 2.30 0.20 0.15
Euro 4 1/1/2005 1.00 0.10 0.08
Source: (http://www.adb.org/documents/guidelines/vehicle_emissions/im_ch07.pdf)
EU emission standards for gasoline were adopted
for this study. This standard was compared with the
measurement data taken using the Autodata.
3.2 Vehicle Classifications
From the TG4000 and the Autodata, out of
the one hundred and four (104) vehicles sampled
from Koforidua Municipality and used in the study,
thirty eight (38) of the vehicles tested fell under
Euro 1 (1990-1995) emission standard, thirty five
(35) under Euro 2 emission standard (1996-1999),
twenty-five (25) under Euro 3 (2000-2004)
emission standard and six (6) under Euro 4 (2005)
standards as shown in Figure 1 below.
Figure 1: Number of vehicles tested and classification
3.3 Hydrocarbon Emission
The test and analysis showed that out of
the total number of cars sampled and tested,
seventy-four (74) representing 71.2% passed the
emission limit test and thirty (30) representing
28.9% failed. Out of forty (40) vehicles tested and
analyzed, 32 representing 80% were found to have
HC emission level within the acceptable and eight
(8) vehicles representing 20% were found to emit
HC which are not acceptable under Euro 1
standards. Under Euro 2 standards, a total of
twenty-two (22) cars tested and analyzed, fourteen
(14) representing 63.6% passed and eight (8)
representing 36.4% failed. Also under the Euro 3
standards, thirty-four (cars) were sampled and
tested with twenty-two (22) cars (i.e. 64.7%)
passed and the remaining twelve (12) cars (i.e.
35.3%) failed. Finally, for eight (8) cars sampled
and tested, six (6) presenting 75% passed and two
(2) failed under the Euro 4 emission limit
standards. The detailed results from the unburned
HC analysis are presented in Figure 2 below.

Figure 2: Test results for HC emissions by cars analyzed under Euro standards
3.4 Carbon monoxide (CO) Emission
CO emission test conducted indicated that
eighty (80) representing 76.9% of cars sampled
passed the limit test and the remaining twenty-four
(24) representing 23.1% failed. Figure 3 below
shows a graphical analysis of the study conducted
on carbon monoxide emission. The figure indicates
the number of vehicles tested the number that
passed and the number of vehicles that failed the
test. In all, Euro1 tested forty (40) cars making
62.5% passed leaving 37.5% failing. Under Ero2,
22 cars making 68.18% passed with 31.82%failing.
Euro3 cars had 91.1% passing with 0.9% failing.
With Euro4 cars, 87.5% passed and 12.5% failed.
Figure 2 Test results for CO emissions by cars analyzed under Euro standards
3.5 Carbon dioxide (CO2) Emissions
Carbon dioxide is presently not classified
as a pollutant, but it is a greenhouse gas which
plays a role in global warming. For complete
combustion, the carbon dioxide released into the
atmosphere must be between 14 – 16% per volume
at idling speed as indicated in the Table 3 below.
Table 4 shows the number of cars which were
tested and their ratings.
Table 3: Auto Data Technical information for Carbon dioxide and idling speed
Idle Speed Carbon dioxide emission at Idling speed per volume
600 – 1000 rpm 14.5 – 16%
Table 4: Test results for CO2 emissions by cars analyzed under Euro standards
Emission
Standards
Number
of Cars
Good Rating
14% vol. and above
Fair Rating
10% vol. and above
Poor Rating
Below 10% vol.
Euro 1 41 0 13 28

Euro 2 24 2 19 3
Euro 3 27 2 23 2
Euro 4 12 6 6 0
TOTAL 104 10 61 33
Percentage 100% 9.6% 58.7% 31.7%
IV. DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Hydrocarbons
Circumstances that may lead to a high
hydrocarbons emission were: Incomplete
combustion due to fouled spark plugs, Vacuum
leaks and Ineffective or faulty air management
systems.
A total number of one hundred and four
(104) cars were tested out of which 74 representing
71.17% passed hydrocarbon emission test and 30
cars representing 28.85% failed the test. Although
majority of the cars tested passed the test, there is
still a danger as the number which failed is large
enough to cause hydrocarbon emission related
health problems.
4.2 Carbon Monoxide
Carbon monoxide is poisonous to human
beings when inhaled. Carbon monoxide adheres to
hemoglobin in the blood and prevents oxygen from
being carried to the body cells [10]. Out of the one
hundred and four (104) cars tested, 80 representing
76.9% passed and twenty four (24) representing
23.1% failed the test. The newer cars fitted with
modern emission devices such as catalytic
converters, positive crankcase ventilation and
evaporative emission control systems, which
reduces emission had the greater number
percentage passed.
4.3 Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a product of complete or
efficient combustion representing approximately
13.7% of the exhaust gas is not regarded as a
harmful pollutant but is now of great concern.
Carbon dioxide has an influence on global
warming. The more complete the combustion of
fuel, the greater the level of carbon dioxide. The
only effective way of reducing the production of
carbon dioxide is to reduce the consumption of fuel
(Hillier, et al 2006). Out of the one hundred and
four (104) tested cars, 9.6% were rated as good,
58.7% were rated as fairly good and 31.7% were
also rated as poor. This indicates that major of the
cars tested have their CO2 emission level being
fairly good.
V. CONCLUSION
The research revealed that 69.5% of the
cars tested passed the various test conducted due to
the fact that the majority of the cars sampled were
found to be in the Euro 1 and Euro 2 categories,
that is to 70.2% of the cars tested were over ten
(10) years of age and the emission standards
requirements for cars manufactured during that
period is quite flexible (Gyamfi, 2011). Information
from the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Authority
indicates that there are more of the older cars on the
roads in Ghana and this is dangerous to the health
and the economy since the emission standards that
is been used today is Euro 4 (Chalin (2008),
Obeng-Odoom (2009), Gyamfi (2011) and
Suleman (2012)). This implies that there is
increased pollution of our environment and hence
increased exposure of the general populace to the
negative effects of these pollutants leading to
health issues with associated long term effects on
the economy.
The study also revealed that Ghana as a
country has no emission standards at the moment
and that the environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), Ghana is in the process of coming out with
a national emission standards. Although the
emission per capita of Ghana is far less than the
minimum allowed emission per capita, the EPA,
Ghana has to come out with emission standards as
quickly as possible to help curb the growing levels
of pollutants in the air.
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Analysis of Emission from Petrol Vehicles in the Koforidua Municipality, Ghana

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Analysis of Emission from Petrol Vehicles in the Koforidua Municipality, Ghana