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Anatomy & Physiology 2017 Question Paper Revision Part - 2
This document provides anatomical information about the stomach, pituitary gland, and breast. The stomach has four main divisions - the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus. It is supplied by branches of the celiac artery and drains into the hepatic portal vein. The pituitary gland, also called the "master gland", regulates other endocrine glands. It has an anterior lobe that secretes hormones and a posterior lobe that stores hormones. The breast is composed of mammary glands surrounded by connective tissue. It is supplied by branches of the internal thoracic and axillary arteries and drains into axillary and internal thoracic veins.
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Anatomy & Physiology 2017 Question Paper Revision Part - 2
- 2. ANATOMY& PHYSIOLOGY Year :2017 University Annual Exam Revision Video Tutorial – Part - 2
- 3. PART – A(ANATOMY) • Write Short Notes on a. Stomach (4) b. Pituitary Gland(4) c. Breast (4)
- 4. STOMACH • The stomach,is an intraperitoneal digestive organ located between the oesophagus and the duodenum. • It has a ‘J’ shape, and features a lesser and greater curvature. The anterior and posterior surfaces are smoothly rounded with a peritoneal covering.
- 5. ANATOMICAL POSITION • Stomachprimarily lies in the epigastric and umbilical region.
- 6. ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE • Fourmain anatomical divisions: • Cardia • Fundus • Body • Pylorus
- 7. • Cardia –Surrounds the superior opening of the stomach at T-11 level. • Fundus – The area above the level of the cardiac orifice. • Body – The large central portion inferior to the fundus. Largest area of the stomach. • Pylorus – The area connects the stomach for the duodenum. It is divided into – Pyloric antrum – Pyloric Cannal – Pyloric Sphincter
- 8. OPENINGS • Gastroesophagel sphincter opensto the esophagus. • Pyloric sphincter opens with the duodenum.
- 9. SPHINCTERS • The cardiacsphincter closes off the top end of the stomach. • Pyloric sphincter closes of the bottom.
- 10. CURVATURES OF THEEYE • The greater curvature, which is a point of attachment for the gastrosplenic ligament and the greater omentum. • The lesser curvature, which is a point of attachment of for the omentum.
- 11. NOTCH • The cardialnotch is the superior angle created when the esophagus enters the stomach. • The angular notch, which is a bend on the lesser curvature.
- 12. ANATOMICAL RELATIONS ANTERIORLY • Rightliver • Diaphragm • Anterior abdominal wall POSTERIORLY • Pancreas • Left supra renal gland • Left kidney • Spleen • Transverse colon
- 13. BLOOD SUPPLY • Arterialblood supply (3 branches) • Left Gastric Artery • Spleenic Artery • Common Hepatic Artery • Venous Drainage • The veins of the stomach runs parallel to the arteries. Right & Left gastric veins drains into the hepatic portal vein.
- 14. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE • Superiorgastric lymph nodes • Supra pyloric nodes • Pancreaticosplenic nodes • Subpyloric and omental nodal groups.
- 15. NERVE SUPPLY • Rightand Left Vagus Nerve (Parasympathetic Supply) • Sympathetic Supply by Splanchinic Nerve.
- 16. APPLIED ANATOMY • Gastroesophagealreflux disease • Dyspepsia • Gastric Ulcer and Peptic Ulcer disease. • Zollinger – Ellison Syndrome • Gatroparesis
- 17. PITUITARYGLAND • It isalso called as “Master’s Gland” it controls three other endocrine glands. • Pituitary glands is consider as the relay center.
- 19. PITUITARYGLAND • Pituitary glandis also known as “Hypophysis Cerebri”. • It is a small oval structure which is 1 cm in diameter. During pregnancy its size doubles. • Position of the Pituitary Gland • It lies in the hypophyseal fossa of the body of sphenoid bone, between optic chiasma (anteriorly) and mamillary bodies (Posteriorly).
- 20.
- 21. • The pituitarygland is sub-divided into 1. Anterior lobe (Adenohypophysis) – true glands secretes hormones. 2. Posterior lobe (Neurohypohyisis) – connected to hypothalamus through hypothalamo – hypohyseal tract, stores hormones secreted by hypothalamic nuclei.
- 22. • The pituitarygland is sub-divided into 1. Anterior lobe (Adenohypophysis) – true glands secretes hormones. 2. Posterior lobe (Neurohypohyisis) – connected to hypothalamus through hypothalamo – hypohyseal tract, stores hormones secreted by hypothalamic nuclei.
- 23. • Between anterior& posterior lobe of pituitary gland there is a relatively small avascular zone called “Pars Intermedia”. • Anterior pituitary gland consists of three parts. – Pars anterior – The largest part, responsible for hormone secretion. – Pars tuberalis – an upward extension of the pars anterior. – Pars intermedia - a thin epithelial layer which separates between pars anterior & pars tuberalis.
- 24. • There aretwo types of cell in anterior pituitary gland, which have different staining properties. • Chromophobe cells & Chromophil cells.
- 25. • The posteriorlobe of the pituitary gland consist of nervous tissue. • It arises from the embryonic forebrain.
- 26. HORMONES Anterior Pituitary Gland •Growth Hormone • Thyroid Stimulating Hormone • Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone • Follicle Stimulating Hormone • Lutenizing Hormone The last 2 hormones are called as gonadotropins. Posterior Pituitary Gland • Oxytocin • Anti Diuretic Hormone
- 27. BLOOD SUPPLY • AnteriorPituitary – Superior Hypophyseal Artery & Inferior Hypophyseal artery which is a branch of internal carotid artery. • Venous Drainage - Short veins from the pituitary gland drain into abutting dural venous sinuses
- 28. APPLIED ANATOMY • Upwardgrowth of pituitary tumors may apply pressure on the optic chiasma. • Visual field defects like Hemianopia, Quadrantopia. • Pituitary tumors grown into the third ventricle causes hydrocephalus.
- 29. BREAST • Breast arepresent bilaterally in Pectoraal region. • They are modified sweat glands. • In male and immature female breast are rudimentary. • After puberty female breast are fully developed.
- 31. BREAST • Location ofbreast on the anterior thoracic wall. • Extends horizontally from the lateral border of the sternum to the mid – axillary line. • Vertically it spans between 2nd and 6th intercostal cartilages. • It lies superficially to the Pectoralis Major and Serratus Anterior muscles.
- 32. BREAST • Breast hastwo regions • Circular body – it is the largest and the most prominent part of the breast. • Axillary tail – smaller part. • At the centre of the breast is Nipple. • Surrounded by the nipple is a pigmented area of a skin termed the areola. • There are numerous sebaceous glands within the areolae. these enlarge during pregnancy, secreting an oily substance that acts as a protective lubricant for the nipple.
- 33. ANATOMICALSTRUCTURE OF BREAST • Breast iscomposed of mammary glands, surrounded by a connective tissue stroma. Mammary Glands • They are modified sweat glands. • They consist of a series of ducts and secretory lobules (15-20). • Each lobule consists of many alveoli drained by a single lactiferous duct. • These ducts converge at the nipple like spokes of a wheel.
- 34. ANATOMICALSTRUCTURE OF BREAST Connective Tissue Stroma Theconnective tissue stroma is a supporting structure which surrounds the mammary glands. It has a fibrous and a fatty component. The fibrous stroma condenses to form suspensory ligaments (of Cooper).
- 35. ANATOMICALSTRUCTURE OF BREAST Pectoral Fascia -The base of the breast lies on the pectoral fascia – a flat sheet of connective tissue associated with the pectoralis major muscle. Blood Supply of the breast Arterial Supply 1. Internal thoracic artery. 2. Branches of the axillary artery 3. Branches of the anterior intercostal artery
- 36. ANATOMICALSTRUCTURE OF BREAST Venous Drainage Axillary andinternal thoracic veins. Lymphatic Drainage There are three groups of lymph nodes that receive lymph from breast tissue. 1. The axillary nodes (75%) 2. Parasternal nodes (20%) and 3. Posterior intercostal nodes (5%).
- 37. ANATOMICALSTRUCTURE OF BREAST Nerve Supply The breastis innervated by the anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of the 4th to 6th intercostal nerves.
- 38. END OF PART- 1