ANNA UNIVERSITY Automobile Engineering.pptx
- 1. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING ENGINE AUXILIARY SYSTEMS VEHICLE STRUCTURE AND ENGINES TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS STEERING, BRAKES AND SUSPENSION SYSTEMS ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES The term automobile or automotive stands for a vehicle which can be moved by itself.
- 2. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING Requirements of an Automobile: • It should develop power by itself. • The rate of power development should be easily controlled. • Arrangement to transmit the power developed to the wheels. • Arrangement must exist to continue and discontinue power flow to the wheels. • It should be possible to control or vary the torque. • The driving thrust should be successfully carried in the vehicle. • It must have directional control. • Arrangement to stop the vehicle while it is running.
- 3. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING UNIT I VEHICLE STRUCTURE AND ENGINES Types of automobiles vehicle construction and different layouts, chassis, frame and body, Vehicle aerodynamics (various resistances and moments involved), IC engines –components-functions and materials, variable valve timing (VVT).
- 4. 07/14/2025 MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING Some Manufacturers of Automobile : 1. Premier Automobiles Ltd., Mumbai 2. Hindustan Motors Ltd., Kolkatta 3. Standard Motor Products of India Ltd., Chennai 4. Ashok Leyland Ltd., Chennai 5. Maruti Udyog Ltd., 6. General Motors Ltd., 7. Fiat 8. Nissan 9. Mercedes Benz Ltd., 10.Renault Ltd., 11.Mitsubishi 12.Toyota 13.Rolls-Royce Ltd., 14.Volks wagenwerk Ltd.,
- 5. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING CHASSIS 1. Frame 2. Front Suspension 3. Steering mechanism 4. Engine, clutch and gear box 5. Radiator 6. Propeller shaft 7. Wheels 8. Rear and front springs and shock absorber 9. Differential unit 10. Universal joint 11. Brakes and braking systems 12. Storage battery 13. Fuel tank 14. Electrical systems 15. Silencer Chassis is a French term and was initially used to denote the frame or main structure of a Vehicle. A vehicle without body is called a chassis. Main Components of Chassis
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- 7. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING a) Full – forward b) Semi – forward c) Bus chassis d) Engine at back e) Engine at centre Classification of Chassis 1. According to the fitting of engine: 2. According to the number of wheels fitted in the vehicles and the number of driving wheels: a) 4 2 drive chassis b) 4 4 drive chassis c) 6 2 drive chassis d) 6 4 drive chassis
- 8. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING Characteristics of Good Chassis 1. Fast pickup 2. Strength 3. Safety 4. Durability 5. Dependability 6. Ease of Control 7. Quietness 8. Speed 9. Load clearance 10. Braking ability
- 9. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING FRAME 1. To form the base for mounting engine and transmission systems. 2. To withstand the engine and transmission thrust and torque. Stresses as well as accelerating and braking torque. 3. To accommodate suspension system. 4. To carry the other parts of the vehicle and its passengers. 5. To resist the effect of centrifugal forces when cornering a curve. 6. To withstand bending and twisting stresses due to the fluctuating or rear and front axle. Frame is the backbone of the vehicle. It is the rigid structure that forms a skeleton to hold all the major parts together. Functions of the frame
- 10. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING Frame Construction: Types of Frame: 1. Conventional frame construction 2. Semi – integral frame construction 3. Integral or Frameless construction
- 11. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING Frame sections:
- 12. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING Load on Chassis Frame 1. Loads of short duration 2. Combined loads of moment any duration 3. Inertial loads 4. Impact loads 5. Load due to road camber 6. Load due to wheel impact 7. Static loads 8. Overloads Materials for Frame (Sheet Nickel Alloy Steel) • Carbon - 0.25 to 0.35 • Manganese - 0.35 to 0.75 • Silicon - 0.30 Max. • Nickel - 3 • Phosphorus - 0.05 Max. • Sulphur - 0.5 Max.
- 13. 07/14/2025 MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P TYPES OF CHASSIS FRAMES • There are three types of frames • 1. Conventional frame • 2. Integral frame • 3. Semi-integral frame
- 14. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P Conventional frame • It has two long side members and 5 to 6 cross • members joined together with the help of rivets and bolts. The frame sections are used generally. • a. Channel Section - Good resistance to bending • b. Tabular Section - Good resistance to Torsion • c. Box Section - Good resistance to both bending and Torsion
- 15. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P Integral Frame • This frame is used now a days in most of the cars. • There is no frame and all the assembly units are attached to the body. • All the functions of the frame carried out by the body itself. • Due to elimination of long frame it is cheaper and due to less weight most economical also. • Only disadvantage is repairing is difficult.
- 16. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P Semi - Integral Frame • In some vehicles half frame is fixed in the front end on which engine gear box and front suspension is mounted. • It has the advantage when the vehicle is met with accident the front frame can be taken easily to replace the damaged chassis frame. • This type of frame is used in FIAT cars and some of the European and American cars.
- 17. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P VARIOUS LOADS ACTING ON THE FRAME • Various loads acting on the frame are • 1. Short duration Load - While crossing a broken patch. • 2. Momentary duration Load - While taking a curve. • 3. Impact Loads - Due to the collision of the vehicle. • 4. Inertia Load - While applying brakes. • 5. Static Loads - Loads due to chassis parts. • 6. Over Loads - Beyond Design capacity.
- 18. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING BODY • Windows and doors • Engine cover • Roof • Luggage cover • Electrical system in body is connected to chassis electrical unit Body is the super – structure for all vehicles. It may be either constructed separately and bolted to the chassis or manufactured integral with the chassis. Body consists of: Importance of vehicle body design: • Weight of the body is about 40 (car) & 65% (Bus) of total weight of vehicle. • If we reduce the weight of the body it will improve the fuel economy. • The body of the vehicle determines its aerodynamic characteristics. • The body is also important for aesthetic and ergonomics consideration.
- 19. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING Requirements of the Vehicle Body 1. Must be strong enough to withstand all types of forces acting on vehicle. 2. Stresses induced should be distributed evenly to all portions. 3. Weight of the body should be as minimum as possible. 4. Reasonable fatigue life. 5. It should have minimum number of components and good access to the engine and suspension elements. 6. It should create minimum vibration during running. 7. The shape of the body should be such that the air drag is minimum. 8. It should be easy to manufacture as well as cheap in cost. Types of Vehicle Body • Car • Straight truck • Tractor • Tanker • Delivery van • Station wagon • Pick – up • Jeep • Buses • Three wheeler
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- 21. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING
- 22. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P STATE THE DIFFERENT BODIES USED IN AUTOMOBILES • The Automobile bodies are divided in two groups • Body • Passenger Body Commercial body • According to Chassis design the body can divided into • 1. Conventional Type • 2. Integral Type • 3. Semi- Integral Type • According to other usage: • 1. Light vehicle Bodies - cars, jeeps • 2. Heavy vehicle Bodies – Busses, Lorries • 3. Medium vehicle Bodies - Vans, Matadors
- 23. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P REQUIREMENTS OF BODIES FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF VEHICLE • The body of the most vehicle should fulfill the following requirements: • 1. The body should be light. • 2. It should have minimum number of components. • 3. It should provide sufficient space for passengers and luggage. • 4. It should withstand vibrations while in motion. • 5. It should offer minimum resistance to air. • 6. It should be cheap and easy in manufacturing. • 7. It should be attractive in shape and colour. • 8. It should have uniformly distributed load. • 9. It should have long fatigue life • 10. It should provide good vision and ventilation.
- 24. 07/14/2025 MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P
- 26. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING
- 27. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING RESISTANCE TO VEHICLE MOTION 1. Air Resistance: • Size of vehicle • Shape • Speed • Wind velocity 2. Gradient Resistance: 3. Miscellaneous Resistance: • Road characteristics • Tyre Characteristics • Vehicle weight • Vehicle speed • It is the component of the vehicle’s weight which is parallel to the plane of the road.
- 28. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING AERODYNAMICS OF AUTOMOBILE BODY 1. Drag force (Fx) 2. Lift force (Fz) 3. Cross wind force (Fy) 1. Pitching moment (My) 2. Yawing moment (Mz) 3. Rolling moment (Mx) Moments acting on vehicle:
- 29. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING ENGINE TYPES Classification of I.C engines An engine is a prime mover. If it fails to work, the vehicle is dead. Chemical energy Thermal energy Mechanical energy (i) Type of ignition: • Spark ignition engines (S.I engines) • Compression Ignition engines (C.I engines) (ii) Cycle of operation: • Otto cycle engine • Diesel cycle engine • Dual cycle engine (iii) Engine cycle per stroke: • Four stroke cycle • Two stroke cycle (iv) Types of fuel used: • Petrol engine • Diesel engine • Gas engine (v) Method of cooling: • Air-cooled engines • Water-cooled engines (viii) Arrangement of cylinders: • Vertical engine • Horizontal engine • Radial engine • V-engine cylinder engine
- 30. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING (vi) Number of cylinders: • Single cylinder engine • Two cylinder engine • Three cylinder engine • Four cylinder engine • Six cylinder engine • Eight cylinder engine • Twelve cylinder engine • Sixteen cylinder engine (vii) Valve location: • Square engine • L-head engine • I-head engine • F-head engine • T-head engine (ix) Speed of the engine: • Low speed engine • Medium speed • High speed engine (x) Types of lubrication system: • Wet sump lubrication system • Dry sump lubrication system (xi) Method of governing: • Quantity governing • Quality governing • Hit and miss governing (xii) Field of applications: • Automobile, truck, bus • Locomotive engine • Stationary engine • Marine engine • Aircraft engine
- 31. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING Classification based on arrangement of cylinders: Single Cylinder engines:
- 32. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING Two Cylinder engines:
- 33. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING Two Cylinder engines:
- 34. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING Three cylinder engines: Four cylinder engines:
- 35. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING Four Cylinder engines:
- 36. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING Four Cylinder engines:
- 37. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING Six Cylinder engines:
- 38. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING V-type engines:
- 39. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING Radial engine:
- 40. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING Classification based on arrangement of valve
- 41. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING Engine Construction:
- 43. Components
- 45. VALVES
- 47. PISTON
- 49. CRANK SHAFT
- 51. CONNECTING ROD
- 53. ASSEMBLY
- 56. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING Components of I.C engine:
- 57. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING Components of I.C engine:
- 58. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING Components of I.C engine:
- 59. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING Components of I.C engine:
- 60. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING Components of I.C engine:
- 61. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING Components of I.C engine:
- 62. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING Components of I.C engine:
- 63. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING Components of I.C engine:
- 64. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P Valve Timing diagram
- 65. VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM FOR FOUR STROKE PETROL ENGINE
- 66. VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM FOR FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
- 67. PORT TIMING DIAGRAM FOR TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINE
- 68. Port Timing Diagram for Two Stroke Diesel Engine
- 69. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING Components of I.C engine:
- 70. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P Types of Variable Valve Timings • Cam changing VVT • Cam phasing VVT • Combined cam changing phasing VVT
- 71. MUNI RAJA CHANDRA.P THANK YOU