Anther culture
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Anther culture is a technique where anthers are excised from flower buds and cultured to produce haploid plants. The first report of haploid tissue from anther culture was in 1964-1966 in Datura pollen grains. Over 250 species have been produced through anther culture, most commonly in families like Solanaceae, Cruciferae, and Poaceae. Anthers go through various pathways during culture, such as equal division to form two daughter cells or formation of vegetative and generative cells. Anther culture is useful for eliminating lethal genes and shortening breeding time to produce superior hybrids.
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Anther culture
- 2. Definition • Anther Culture: It is an artificial technique by which the developing anthers at a precise and critical stage are excised aseptically from unopened flower bud and are cultured on a nutrient medium where the microspores within the cultured anther develop into callus tissue or embryoids that give rise to haploid plantlets (formation of haploid plants) either through organogenesis or embryogenesis. • The first report of haploid tissue from anther culture was in 1964-1966 in pollen grains of Datura by Maheshwari and Guha. • Production of haploids reported in about 250 species, Solanaceae, cruciferae, gramineae/Poaceae are most common • Anther/pollen culture is referred as ANDROGENESIS (the male gametophyte (microspore or immature pollen) produces haploid plant)
- 4. Haploids are useful because: 1. They carry only one allele (two or more alternative forms of a gene) of each gene. Thus any recessive mutation or characteristic are apparent(CLEARLY VISIBLE). 2. Plants with lethal genes are eliminated from the gene pool. 3. One can produce homozygous diploid (When an individual has two of the same allele) 4. Production of haploids shorten the time for inbreeding for superior hybrid genotypes.
- 5. Homozygous diploid(BB & bb)
- 6. 1. Pathway I 2. Pathway II 3. Pathway III 4. Pathway IV 5. Pathway V
- 7. • The microspores divide by an equal division and two identical daughter cells developed. • Vegetative and generative cells are not distinctly formed in the pathway. • Example: Datura innoxia
- 8. • The division of uninucleate microspores is unusual, resulting in the formation of vegetative and generative cell. • The sporophyte arises through further division in the vegetative cell and generative cell does not divide. • Examples: Nicotiana tabacum, Hordeum vulgare, Triticum aestivum.
- 9. • The uninucleate microspore undergoes a normal division but pollen embryos are formed from generative cell alone. • The vegetative cell does not divide. • Examples: Hyoscyamus niger
- 10. • Both generative and vegetative cell divide further to the development of sporophyte. • Examples: Datura metal, Atropa belladona, Datura innoxia(occasionally). PATHWAY V: • In Brassica napus(Cruciferae), 1st division is symmetric and the pollen embryos develop the vegetative cell.
- 11. Pathways to pollen development
- 12. Protocol (Nicotiana tabacum) 1. Collect the flower buds of Nicotiana tabacum at the onset of flowering. Select the flower bud of 17-22 mm in length when the length of the sepals equals that of the petals. Reject all flower buds which are beginning to open. 2. Transfer the selected flower buds under the laminar airflow. Each flower bud contains five anther and these are normally surface sterile in closed buds. The flower buds are surface sterilized by immersion in 70% ethanol for 10 seconds followed immediately by 10 minutes in 20% sodium hypochlorite. They are washed three times with sterile distilled water. Finally transfer the buds to sterile Petridish. 3. To remove the anthers, slit the side of the bud with a sharp scalpel and remove them, with a pair of forceps, place the five anthers with the filaments to another Petridish. The filaments are cut gently. Damaged anthers should be discarded.
- 13. 4. Anthers are placed on agar solidified basal MS or White or Nitsch and Nitsch medium. 5. The culture is kept initially in dark. After 3-4 weeks, the anthers normally undergo pollen embryogenesis and haploid plantlets appear from the cultured anther. In some cases, anther may undergo proliferation to form callus tissue which can be induced to differentiate into haploid plants. 6. At this stage the cultures are incubated at 24-28°C in a 14 hrs day light regime at about 2000 lux. 7. Approximately 50mm tall plantlets are freed from agar by gently washing with running tap water and then transferred to small pots containing autoclaved potting compost. Cover each plant with glass beaker to prevent desiccation and maintain in a well-lit- humid green house. After some week, remove the glass beaker and transfer the plant to larger pots when the plants will mature and finally flower.
- 15. A) Swollen anther (after 2 weeks in culture). B) Cristal, after 6 weeks in culture, producing callus masses at both sides. C)After 6 weeks in culture, producing both callus masses and embryos (arrowhead). D) After 6 weeks in culture, producing only embryos (arrowheads). E) Regenerating in vitro plantlet F) fully acclimated plant G) Shifted to a pot
- 16. 1) Genotype of donor plant : • Determine the frequency of pollen plant production. • Eg. In Hordeum vulgare each genotype differs with respect to androgenic response in anther culture. • High responsive anthers should be taken.
- 17. 2) Anther wall factor : • Act as conditioning factors and promote culture growth. • Report: glutamine alone or in combination with serine and myoinositol could replace the anther wall factor. 3) Stage of pollen: • Development stage of pollen varies with species. • Before/after 1st pollen mitosis- Datura, tobacco,etc. 4) Physiological status of donor plant: a) Grown under best environmental conditions with good anthers. b) Flowers obtained at the beginning of flowering season are highly responsive.
- 18. 5) Pretreatment of anthers : • Appropriate treatment required for good success of haploid production(depend on donor plant species). 6) Temperature influence: a) Induction of androgenesis is better if stored at low temperature prior to culture, e.g. maize , rye. b) Pre-treatment of anthers at higher temperature stimulates androgenesis
- 19. Cold Treatment (3 to 5° C) Enhances Symmetric Division of Microspores or Division of Vegetative Nuclei
- 20. 6) Effect of light: • Pre-treatment of anthers at elevated temperatures( 3°C) stimulate androgenesis in some Brassica and Capsicum. 7) Culture medium: • It vary with the genotype and age of the anther. • Culture maintained on an auxin medium for longer period develop a friable callus. • A compound related to auxin namely 2,3,5- triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) gives +ve result at low concentration. • Incorporation of activated charcoal/2-chloroethyl- phosphate stimulates androgenesis in some systems.
- 21. Applications • Utility of Anther and Pollen Culture for Basic Research • Simple • Less time consuming • Responsive • Mutation Study • Use of Haploids for Cryogenic Study • For Plant Breeding and Crop Improvement • Application of Haploid Culture for Horticultural Plants • For study of Secondary metabolites Content
- 22. Requires skill to remove anthers without causing damage. Not much successful in case of cereal crop. Risk of chimera and callus formation from anther wall.
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