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- 1. Antiamoebic Drugs Dr.Saeed AhmedSheikh Department Of Pharmacology King Saud University
- 2. Antiamoebic Drugs • Protozoalinfections are common among people in underdeveloped tropical and subtropical countries, where sanitary conditions, hygienic practices, and control of the vectors of transmission are inadequate. However, with increased world travel, protozoal diseases, such as
- 3. Antiamoebic Drugs • amebiasis,giardiasis, trichomoniasis malaria, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, are no longer confined to specific geographic locales. • Protozoa are eukaryotes, the unicellular protozoal cells have metabolic processes closer to those of the human host than to prokaryotic bacterial pathogens.
- 4. Antiamoebic Drugs • Protozoaldiseases are thus less easily treated than bacterial infections, and many of the antiprotozoal drugs cause serious toxic effects in the host, particularly on cells showing high metabolic activity, such as neuronal, renal tubular, intestinal, and bone marrow stem cells.
- 5. Antiamoebic Drugs • Mostantiprotozoal agents have not proved to be safe for pregnant women. • Antiamoebic drugs are as under: • 1. Metronidazole • 2. Tinidazole • 3. Diloxanide furoate • 4. Iodoquinol • 5. Emetine and dehydroemetine • 6. Chloroquine., 7. Paromomycin
- 6. Antiamoebic Drugs • Amoebiasis:(It is also called amoebic dysentery) is an infection of the intestinal tract caused by Entamoeba histolytica. • The disease can be acute or chronic, with patients showing varying degrees of illness, from no symptoms to mild diarrhoea to fulminating dysentery.
- 7. Antiamoebic Drugs • Thediagnosis is established by isolating E. histolytica from fresh faeces. • Life cycle of E.histolytica: • Entamoeba histolytica exists in two forms: cysts that can survive outside the body, and labile but invasive trophozoites that do not persist outside the body.
- 8. Antiamoebic Drugs • Cysts,ingested through feces contaminated food or water, pass into the lumen of the intestine, where the trophozoites are liberated. The trophozoites multiply, and they either invade and ulcerate the mucosa of the large intestine or simply feed on intestinal bacteria.
- 9. Antiamoebic Drugs • (onestrategy for treating luminal amebiasis is to add antibiotics, such as tetracyclines to the treatment regimen, resulting in a reduction in intestinal flora – the amoeba’s major food source). • The trophozoites within the intestine are slowly carried toward the rectum, where they return to the cyst form and are excreted in feces.
- 10. Antiamoebic Drugs • Largenumbers of trophozoites within the colon wall can also lead to systemic invasion. • Classification of Antiamoebic Drugs: • 1. systemic: Tinidazole, Chloroquine, dehydroemetine, emetine. They are effective against amebas in the intestinal wall and liver.
- 11. Antiamoebic Drugs • Luminal:Diloxanide furoate, iodoquinol, paromomycin. They act on the parasites in the lumen of the bowel. • Mixed: (luminal and systemic) Metronidazole
- 12. Antiamoebic Drugs • Amebiasisis infection with Entamoeba histolytica. This organism can cause; • 1. Asymtomatic intestinal infection • 2. Mild to moderate colitis • 3.Severe intestinal infection (dysentery) • 4.Amoeboma • 5. Liver abscess • 6. Other intestinal infections
- 14. Antiamoebic Drugs • Metronidazole: •A nitroimidazole, is the drug of choice in the treatment of extra luminal amoebiasis. • It kills trophozoites but not cysts of E.histolytica and effectively eradicates intestinal and extra intestinal tissue infections.
- 15. Antiamoebic Drugs • Pharmacokinetics: •Route of administration: oral, and I.V. • Oral metronidazole readily absorbed and permeate all tissues by simple diffusion. • Intracellular concentration rapidly approach extra cellular levels. • Peak plasma concentration reached in 1- 3 hours.
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- 17. Antiamoebic Drugs • Proteinbinding is low (10-20%) • The half life of unchanged drug is 7.5 hours for metronidazole • Metronidazole and its metabolites are excreted mainly in the urine.
- 18. Antiamoebic Drugs • Mechanismof Action: • The nitro group of metronidazole is chemically reduced in anaerobic bacteria and sensitive protozoans. • Reactive reduction products appear to be responsible for antimicrobial activity
- 19. Antiamoebic Drugs • ClinicalUses: • 1.Amoebiasis: Metronidazole is the drug of choice in the treatment of all tissue infections with E.histolytica. • It is not reliably effective against luminal parasites and so must be used with a luminal amebicide to ensure eradication of the infection. • Dose:750mgTDS or 500mg I.V QID1odays
- 20. Antiamoebic Drugs • 2.Giardiasis: • Metronidazole is the treatment of choice for giardiasis. • The dosage for giardiasis is much lower and the drug thus better tolerated than that for amebiasis. • 3. Trichomoniasis: Metronidazole is the treatment of choice. 2G,single dose is effective.
- 21. Antiamoebic Drugs • 4.Anaerobic Bacterial infections: • Metronidazole also useful in infections caused by anaerobic bacteria for e.g. bacteroids fragilis, fusobacterium, clostridium perfringens. • 5. Dracunculosis: infection caused by guinea worm.
- 22. Antiamoebic Drugs • Adverseeffects: • Nausea, dry mouth, metallic taste in the mouth and headache occurs commonly. • Infrequent adverse effects include: • Vomiting, Diarrhoea, insomnia, weakness, dizziness, thrush, dysuria, dark urine , paraesthesias, neutropenia, pancreatitis, ataxia, encephalopathy, seizures are rare
- 23. Antiamoebic Drugs • I.V.infusion rarely caused seizures or peripheral neuropathy. • CAUTION: • THE DRUG SHOULD BE USED WITH CAUTION IN PATIENTS WITH CNS DISEASE. IT SHOULD BE AVOIDED IN PREGNANT WOMEN DUE TO RISK OF TERATOGENICITY(NOT PROVED IN HUMANS, PROVED IN BACTRERIA, MICE)
- 24. Antiamoebic Drugs • DRUGINTERACTION: • Metronidazole has a disulfiram like effect, so that nausea and vomiting can occur if alcohol ingested during therapy. • It potentiate the anticoagulant effect of coumarin type of anticoagulants. • Phenytoin & phenobarbitone may increase • elimination of the drug, cimetidine decrease plasma clearance
- 25. Tinidazole • Tinidazole, arelated nitroimidazole, having similar activity and a better toxicity profile than metronidazole, and it offers simpler dosing regimens. • Pharmacokinetics: • Tinidazole readily absorbed and permeate all tissues by simpler diffusion.
- 26. Tinidazole • Intracellular concentrationrapidly approach extra cellular levels. • Peak plasma level reached in 1- 3 hours. • Protein binding is low(10- 20%) • The half life of Tinidazole is 12- 14 hours • Mechanism of Action: It has similar to metronidazole.
- 27. Tinidazole • Clinical uses: •1. Amebiasis: Tinidazole is also a drug of choice in the treatment of all tissue infections with E. histolytica. • It must be used with luminal amebicide because it is not effective against luminal parasites. • Dose: 2 G daily for 3 days
- 28. Tinidazole • 2. Giardiasis:Tinidazole is at least equally effective like metronidazole • 3. Trichomoniasis: It may be effective against some of these resistant organisms • Adverse effects: toxicity profile is better than metronidazole.
- 29. Diloxanide furoate • Diloxanidefuroate is a dichloroacetamide derivative. • It is an effective luminal amebicide but is not active against tissue trophozoites. • Dose: 500mg three times/day for 10 days • Pharmacokinetics: • After oral administration, in the gut, diloxanide furoate is split into diloxanide and furoic acid; about 90% of the drug is
- 30. Diloxanide furoate • Rapidlyabsorbed ad then conjugated to form glucuronide, which is promptly excreted in the urine. • The unabsorbed diloxanide is the active antiamoebic substance. • Mechanism of Action: unknown
- 31. Diloxanide furoate • Clinicaluses: • It is considered the drug of choice for asymptomatic luminal infections • It is used with a tissue amebicide, usually metronidazole to treat serious intestinal and extra intestinal infections. • Adverse effects: flatulence is common, nausea, abdominal cramps and rashes
- 32. Iodoquinol Iodoquinol (diiodohydroxyquin) isa halogenated hydroxyquinoline. Dose: 650mg TDS for 21days Pharmacokinetics: It is poorly understood 90% of the drug is retained in the intestine and excreted in feces. The remainder enters the circulation, and is excreted in the urine as glucuronides.
- 33. Iodoquinol mechanism of action: Themechanism of action of iodoquinol against trophozoites is unknown. It is effective against organisms in the bowel lumen but not against trophozoites in the intestinal wall or extra intestinal tissues Adverse effects: Diarrhoea, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain,
- 34. Iodoquinol • Headache, rash,pruritus • Neurotoxicity with prolonged use with high dosage. • Cautions: • 1. iodoquinol should be taken with meals to limit GI toxicity • 2. it should be used with caution in patients with optic neuropathy, renal or thyroid disease, or non amebic hepatic dis.
- 35. Iodoquinol 3. The drugmay increase protein-bound serum iodine, leading to a decrease in measured 131I uptake that persist for months. 4. It should be discontinued if it produces persistent diarrhea or signs of iodine toxicity( dermatitis, urticaria pruritus, fever) C.I: It is contraindicated in patients with intolerance to iodine.
- 36. Emetine and Dehydroemetine Emetine,an alkaloid derived from ipecac and dehydroemetine, a synthetic analog, are effective against tissue trophozoites of E. histolytica, but because of major toxicity concerns they have been almost completely replaced by metronidazole. Route of administration: Subcutaneous (preferred) or I.M, never I.V
- 37. Emetine and Dehydroemetine CLINICALUSES: Their use is limited to unusual circumstances. in which severe amebiasis warrants effective therapy and metronidazole can not be used. Dehydroemetine is preferred because of its some what better toxicity profile. It should be used for the minimum period usually 3- 5 days.
- 38. Emetine and Dehydroemetine •Adverse effects: • diarrhea is common • Nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness • Cardiac arrhythmias, heart failure, hypotension (serious toxicity) • Caution: the drug should not be used in patients with cardiac or renal disease, in young children, or in pregnancy. •
- 39. Paromomycin Paromomycin is anaminoglycoside antibiotic. It is not significantly absorbed from the GIT. The small amount absorbed, is slowly excreted unchanged, mainly by glomerular filtration. Dose: 10mg/kg TDS for 7 days
- 40. Paromomycin Clinical uses: It isused only as a luminal amebicide, has no effect against extra intestinal amebic infections. Paromomycin is an effective luminal amebicide that appears to have similar efficacy and less toxicity than other agents.
- 41. Paromomycin In a recentstudy, it was superior to diloxanide furoate in clearing asymptomatic infections. Parenteral paromomycin is under investigation in treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. Adverse effects: abdominal distress, diarrhea. It should be avoided in patients with significant renal disease and cautiously used with G I ulceration
- 42. Tetracyclines Tetracyclines are broad– spectrum bacteriostatic that inhibit protein synthesis in susceptible microorganisms. They are active against many gram- positive and gram- negative bacteria including anaerobes, rickettsiae, chlamydiae, mycoplasma, and against some protozoa e.g., amebas.
- 43. Tetracyclines Mechanism of action: Tetracyclinesenter microorganisms in part by passive diffusion and in part by an energy dependent process of active transport. Susceptible cells concentrate the drug intracellularly. Once inside the cell, tetracyclines bind reversibly to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosimes, blocking the binding of aminoacyl- tRNA to the acceptor site on the mRNA- ribosome complex. This prevents addition of aminoacid to the growing peptide . .
- 44. Tetracyclines • Dose: 250mg3 times daily for 10 days • Adverse effects: • 1. G I adverse effects: nausea, vomiting,diarrhea • 2. bony structure and teeth • 3. liver toxicity • 4. kidney toxicity • 5.photosensitization • 6.vestibular reactions •
- 45. Erythromycin • Erythromycin 500mg,4 times daily for 10 days. • Erythromycin inhibits protein synthesis occurs via binding to the 50S ribosomal RNA, which blocks the aminoacyl translocation reaction and formation of initiation complexes.
- 46. Chloroquine • It isused in combination with metronidazole and diloxanide furoate to treat and prevent amoebic liver abscesses. • It eliminates trophozoites in liver abscesses, but it is not useful in treating luminal amebiasis
- 47. Chloroquine • MECHANISM OFACTION: • Chloroquine probably acts by concentrating in parasitic food vacuoles, preventing the polymerization of the hemoglobin breakdown product, heme into hemozoin, and thus eliciting parasite toxicity due to buildup of free heme.
- 48. Chloroquine • Adverse effects: •pruritus is common, • nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, anorexia. • Headache, blurring of vision uncommon. • Hemolysis in G6-PD deficient patients, impaired hearing, agranulocytosis alopecia, hypotension.