Apple Study: 8 easy steps to beat Microsoft (and Google)
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The document outlines eight strategic steps Apple employed to surpass Microsoft and Google, emphasizing simplicity, design, customer retention, premium pricing, product cross-selling, and balance between control and freedom. It showcases various case studies and Apple's holistic approach to product development and integration, aimed at creating a seamless user experience. The text also discusses potential risks and competitive dynamics, particularly regarding Apple's strict control over its ecosystem and market positioning.
![What is Apple’s design process?
“When you first start off trying to solve a problem, the first solutions you come up with
are very complex, and most people stop there. But if you keep going, […] you can often
times arrive at some very elegant and simple solutions.” Steve Jobs1
Apple identifies needs and use cases to make
decisions about function and technologies. Vision
Drops 20 % of non-required functionalities to
perfectly design 80 % of key user needs. Focus
Attention to details leads to excellence in user
experience. Global
..…….
1 Q&A: Jobs on iPod's Cultural Impact, Newsweek, 10/16/2010 July 2010 • Apple Study 6](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/whitepaperapplev0-16-100709045511-phpapp01/85/Apple-Study-8-easy-steps-to-beat-Microsoft-and-Google-6-320.jpg)
![Case study: why does making choices
implies constraint?
“It became an intense and almost religious argument about the purity of the system's
design versus the user's freedom to configure the system he liked.”
Christopher Espinosa (Apple employee #8) speaking about the Macintosh project, 1984
No sign of upcoming blu-ray
“YouTube now supports HD video.” Steve Jobs1
support on Apple computers.
“Other companies tried to do everything on the
Music can only be managed
device itself and made it so complicated that it
through iTunes.
was useless.” Steve Jobs2
“We created an approval process [to] avoid
App Store approval process
applications that degrade the core experience of
as a quality insurance.
the iPhone.” Apple Answers the FCC’s Questions
..…….
1 Emailon 04/14/2010
2 Q&A: Jobs on iPod's Cultural Impact, Newsweek, 10/16/2010
July 2010 • Apple Study 8](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/whitepaperapplev0-16-100709045511-phpapp01/85/Apple-Study-8-easy-steps-to-beat-Microsoft-and-Google-8-320.jpg)
![Apple’s vertical integration offers three
competitive advantages
“Our competitors, Dell and Compaq, are distribution companies […].
They don’t create anything.”
Steve Jobs, Time, Oct 1999
Simplicity Quality Innovation
Apple does not
Apple acts as an depend on its
abstraction layer. Thanks to hardware suppliers’ technical
and software tight breakthroughs.
Technical complexity integration, Apple’s
hidden behind slick products offers great It can innovate on
and intuitive UI: quality. hardware and
seamless experience. software at its own
pace.
..…….
July 2010 • Apple Study 11](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/whitepaperapplev0-16-100709045511-phpapp01/85/Apple-Study-8-easy-steps-to-beat-Microsoft-and-Google-11-320.jpg)
![Integration reinforced by retail strategy
“We want to make the best buying experience in the world […]. It’s impossible to get
knowledge at the point of sale. We can’t thrive in that environment.” Steve Jobs, D2
% revenue from Apple’s retail stores
Number of Apple stores
Contribution to revenue starting to plateau (but profitability sacrificed to enhance buying
experience) but still Apple Stores are a place where the company can:
• showcase a 100 % Apple environment (to appeal the iCustomer)
• have a trained sales force selling its products.
Apple Stores fosters the brand appeal and consequently, the halo effect.
..…….
Source: Apple annual reports July 2010 • Apple Study 24](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/whitepaperapplev0-16-100709045511-phpapp01/85/Apple-Study-8-easy-steps-to-beat-Microsoft-and-Google-24-320.jpg)
![Case study: how Apple failed in the 80’s
“We weren’t so good at partnering with people […]. If Apple could have a little more of
that in its DNA, it would have served it extremely well.” Steve Jobs, D5, 2007
1982: Steve Jobs forces Bill Gates to develop productivity software only for the
Mac
1985: Apple allows Microsoft to use Mac technologies in Windows in exchange of
a Word and Excel upgrade for Macintosh
1988-1995: 7-year legal battle lost by Apple
1995: Launch of Windows 95 has definitively dwarfed Apple’s share in the PC
market
..…….
July 2010 • Apple Study 28](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/whitepaperapplev0-16-100709045511-phpapp01/85/Apple-Study-8-easy-steps-to-beat-Microsoft-and-Google-28-320.jpg)
![iPad embodies the transition
to post-PC era
“We are scratching the surface on the kind of apps we can build for it. […] One can
create a lot of content on a tablet.” Steve Jobs, D8
New input Progress in
technologies + UI
People will turn to a more intimate and
direct relationship with content
Personal computers Other devices,
are trucks: most including tablets, will
people do not need be mainstream, just
such an extensive as cars are great for
interface. everyday life.
..…….
July 2010 • Apple Study 34](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/whitepaperapplev0-16-100709045511-phpapp01/85/Apple-Study-8-easy-steps-to-beat-Microsoft-and-Google-34-320.jpg)
![Differences in business models
explain why Google and Apple compete
Apple Google
Freely adapted from a comment by Dominique de Vito on affordance.info
Car dealer Road Toll
Apple sells “great products”. Attacks Monetises web streams via ads.
Differentiation: strives on selecting Volume: an Internet that is more
the best technologies available open increases the traffic, which
(Google’s when they’re the best). increases Google’s revenues.
“I’ve always wanted to own the […] “[We don’t want] a future with one
technology in everything I do” man, one company, one carrier”
Steve Jobs1 Vic Gundotra, Google VP, Engineering2
..…….
1 BusinessWeek Online, Oct. 12, 2004
2 Google I/O 2010
July 2010 • Apple Study 41](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/whitepaperapplev0-16-100709045511-phpapp01/85/Apple-Study-8-easy-steps-to-beat-Microsoft-and-Google-41-320.jpg)
Apple Study: 8 easy steps to beat Microsoft (and Google)
- 1. Apple: 8 Easy Steps to Beat Microsoft (and Google) Paris, July 2010
- 2. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons to allow for further contributions by other experts and web users in the coming months. To view a copy of this Attribution – NonCommercial – ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 1712nd Street, Suite300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. ..……. July 2010 • Apple Study 2
- 3. Table of contents Introduction Step #1: Believe in the simple Step #2: Design a full experience Step #3: Lock customers in Step #4: Sell at a premium Step #5: Cross-sell your product line Step #6: Balance control vs. freedom Step #7: Think different Step #8: Assess risks and competition Conclusion: happily ever after Apple? Appendixes: Glossary ..……. July 2010 • Apple Study 3
- 4. Why and how did Apple beat Google & Microsoft? Microsoft Google Apple In 6 years, Apple’s market cap outweighed both the new and old tech champions ..……. Source: Bloomberg July 2010 • Apple Study 4
- 5. Step #1: Believe in the simple Apple: the arrogance of simplicity ..……. June 2010 • Apple Study v1.0 5
- 6. What is Apple’s design process? “When you first start off trying to solve a problem, the first solutions you come up with are very complex, and most people stop there. But if you keep going, […] you can often times arrive at some very elegant and simple solutions.” Steve Jobs1 Apple identifies needs and use cases to make decisions about function and technologies. Vision Drops 20 % of non-required functionalities to perfectly design 80 % of key user needs. Focus Attention to details leads to excellence in user experience. Global ..……. 1 Q&A: Jobs on iPod's Cultural Impact, Newsweek, 10/16/2010 July 2010 • Apple Study 6
- 7. Case study: iMac (1998) Simplicity & choices Simplicity All-in-one computer Setup & go Choices No floppy disk No extension stack ..……. July 2010 • Apple Study 7
- 8. Case study: why does making choices implies constraint? “It became an intense and almost religious argument about the purity of the system's design versus the user's freedom to configure the system he liked.” Christopher Espinosa (Apple employee #8) speaking about the Macintosh project, 1984 No sign of upcoming blu-ray “YouTube now supports HD video.” Steve Jobs1 support on Apple computers. “Other companies tried to do everything on the Music can only be managed device itself and made it so complicated that it through iTunes. was useless.” Steve Jobs2 “We created an approval process [to] avoid App Store approval process applications that degrade the core experience of as a quality insurance. the iPhone.” Apple Answers the FCC’s Questions ..……. 1 Emailon 04/14/2010 2 Q&A: Jobs on iPod's Cultural Impact, Newsweek, 10/16/2010 July 2010 • Apple Study 8
- 9. Step #2: Design a full experience Apple adopts a comprehensive approach ..……. UX: User experience July 2010 • Apple Study 9
- 10. Apple re-legitimize vertical integration Customer-centric Business design Focus Apple goes against the outsourcing Apple adopts a Apple focuses on a trend. holistic approach to very lean product its business. line. Contrary to industrial vertical integration, Products Risk management on Apple uses it to UX technological choices control the global Financial and consistency at all experience of its Marketing layers customers. App Store contributed to only Apple advertisement are “We’ve reviewed the road map of 1 % in profit!1 designed internally. new products and axed more than 70 percent of them, keeping “Pure” financial management Mobile carriers are only allowed the 30 percent that were gems.” would have required it to be to show their logo at the end. outsourced as soon as possible. Steve Jobs upon his returning to Apple in 1997 ..……. 1 Source: Piper Jaffray July 2010 • Apple Study 10
- 11. Apple’s vertical integration offers three competitive advantages “Our competitors, Dell and Compaq, are distribution companies […]. They don’t create anything.” Steve Jobs, Time, Oct 1999 Simplicity Quality Innovation Apple does not Apple acts as an depend on its abstraction layer. Thanks to hardware suppliers’ technical and software tight breakthroughs. Technical complexity integration, Apple’s hidden behind slick products offers great It can innovate on and intuitive UI: quality. hardware and seamless experience. software at its own pace. ..……. July 2010 • Apple Study 11
- 12. Case study: the digital music revolution (2001-2004) • Chose high-speed FireWire instead of USB1 • Game-changing click wheel • Apple’s design guidelines applied • iTunes software • Available on Mac & PC • Simple and reliable software • Agreements with the music industry • Distribution • DRM1 Apple provides a comprehensive music experience ..……. 1 Digital Rights Management (DRM): technologies used by content owners to control usage of music, movies… July 2010 • Apple Study 12
- 13. Case study: Apple’s vertical integration in hardware for consumer electronics Apple controls every step: it ensures that almost every hardware and software parts are customized to perfectly fit its needs. ..……. July 2010 • Apple Study 13
- 14. Step #3: Lock customers in iTunes’ goal is to lock the consumer in ..……. July 2010 • Apple Study 14
- 15. iTunes revenues are insignificant $6.6 bn Hardware iTunes Store Software 37% Other software 82% 18% 63% $4.1 bn $30 bn Revenue Distribution in 2009 The iTunes Store represented only 11 % of Apple’s revenues in 2009. ..……. Source: Apple annual reports July 2010 • Apple Study 15
- 16. Case study: App Store revenues are a drop in the bucket $6.8 bn Revenues generated by iPhone (hardware) sales in 2009 (22 % of Apple’s revenues) $400 m Revenues generated by App Store sales since its creation < 1% App Store contribution to gross profit since its creation Apple authorizes and sometimes promotes apps competitors to its iTunes Store during keynotes. ..……. Source: Keynote WWDC 2010, Piper Jaffray July 2010 • Apple Study 16
- 17. Yet iTunes’ goal is to lock the consumer in iTunes-devices relationship is locked Consumers lock themselves in One-way sync $100 (Palm controversy) spent per device on av.1 FairPlay 125 m DRM software invented by Apple, iTunes accounts linked with credit protecting videos, eBooks, apps2 card (painless buying experience) Great customer loyalty (user retention/walled garden) ..……. 1 Deutsche Bank. 2 There are no DRM on iTunes Music since 2009. July 2010 • Apple Study 17
- 18. Step #4: Sell at a premium Apple’s revenues come from high margin hardware products ..……. July 2010 • Apple Study 18
- 19. Case study: Apple’s profit comes from margins in hardware (iPad) $499 $110 + Apple margin Margin: 40 % Average industry margin $90 (approx. 30 %) Cost of sales $70 (approx. 30 %) Cost of materials and $230 manufacturing1 ..……. 1 Source: iSuppli July 2010 • Apple Study 19
- 20. Big picture: hardware drives Apple’s gross margin vs. iPod iPhone iPhone 3G iPad Biggest gross margin growth in the industry ..……. Source: Apple annual reports June 2010 • Apple Study v1.0 20
- 21. Step #5: Cross-sell your product line Apple brand appeal drives its product line ..……. July 2010 • Apple Study 21
- 22. Who is the iCustomer? Product line covers all markets, all price ranges, all needs with an accurate segmentation. Market leader 100m iPhones sold by 2011 (est.) 8 % market share + Product lifecycle: each new product implements appealing new features, strongly inducing the loyal iCustomer to buy new products (iPhone 3GS to iPhone 4) The iCustomer needs all Apple products to maximize his user experience. ..……. 1 Pricesfor entry-level models. Source: Apple, Morgan Stanley, Gartner. July 2010 • Apple Study 22
- 23. Case study: iPod and iPhone drives Mac sales Mac Mac (left axis) iPod and sales, m iPhone sales, m iPod (right axis) iPhone (right axis) Halo effect1 + seamless experience with mobile devices requires a Mac 40 % of Apple revenues comes from Mac sales (desktop and laptop). ..……. 1 Haloeffect: e.g. a product (the iPod) has positive effects on our perception of something else (the Apple brand) Source: Apple annual reports, Oppenheimer July 2010 • Apple Study 23
- 24. Integration reinforced by retail strategy “We want to make the best buying experience in the world […]. It’s impossible to get knowledge at the point of sale. We can’t thrive in that environment.” Steve Jobs, D2 % revenue from Apple’s retail stores Number of Apple stores Contribution to revenue starting to plateau (but profitability sacrificed to enhance buying experience) but still Apple Stores are a place where the company can: • showcase a 100 % Apple environment (to appeal the iCustomer) • have a trained sales force selling its products. Apple Stores fosters the brand appeal and consequently, the halo effect. ..……. Source: Apple annual reports July 2010 • Apple Study 24
- 25. iCustomers will drive Apple’s sales Apple’s main focus is the consumer market where “every person votes for themselves” Steve Jobs, D8 However, thanks to its thriving success in B2C, Apple will be able to raise its market share in B2B ..……. July 2010 • Apple Study 25
- 26. How did Apple cross the chasm? iPhone and iPod sales have enabled the Apple brand to cross the chasm. Example: Amazon Kindle sold 3 m units in its first year. Apple’s iPad did the same in 80 days. Killer products Immediate + mainstream Brand leverage adoption ..……. Source: Apple, Electronista July 2010 • Apple Study 26
- 27. Step #6: Balance control vs. freedom Apple needs an ecosystem ..……. July 2010 • Apple Study 27
- 28. Case study: how Apple failed in the 80’s “We weren’t so good at partnering with people […]. If Apple could have a little more of that in its DNA, it would have served it extremely well.” Steve Jobs, D5, 2007 1982: Steve Jobs forces Bill Gates to develop productivity software only for the Mac 1985: Apple allows Microsoft to use Mac technologies in Windows in exchange of a Word and Excel upgrade for Macintosh 1988-1995: 7-year legal battle lost by Apple 1995: Launch of Windows 95 has definitively dwarfed Apple’s share in the PC market ..……. July 2010 • Apple Study 28
- 29. Lessons learned! Copyright owners Carriers Apple: Crucial to iPhone’s success: • understood their market • AT&T first allowed Apple, structure which had no experience • gave them what they wanted in this market, to make the phone most (DRM for music, they wanted price control for publishers) • Set a standard for others Developers Google Contrary to the Mac, Apple has attracted Apple’s keeps partnering with its #1 developers on iOS competitor because it’s the best at • Ground breaking certain services (native apps on iOS): revenue sharing • Search • 56 % of US mobile dev • Maps on iPhone • YouTube (90 % are single-platform)1 Apple understood it needed to partner with other players. ..……. 1 Source: Millenial Media July 2010 • Apple Study 29
- 30. Mobile application paradigms: Native Apps vs. Web Apps Apple’s model put the emphasis on native apps (iPhone SDK), but also promotes HTML5 (iAd, WebKit). Flash represents “the past”. ..……. SaaS: Software as a service (see Wikipedia) June 2010 • Apple Study v1.0 30
- 31. Case study: What is Apple’s vision about mobile applications? To Apple HTML5 is a complement to the curated App Store model, providing developers with liberty and an open architecture. Near future Long-term vision: promoting open standards will prevent other players from excluding Apple, as Microsoft did with its Office proprietary formats. ..……. July 2010 • Apple Study 31
- 32. Step #7: Think different Apple uses the cloud to foster a new computing paradigm. ..……. From Wikipedia: “Cloud computing is Internet-based computing, whereby shared resources, software, and information are provided to computers and other devices on demand, like the electricity grid.” June 2010 • Apple Study v1.0 32
- 33. What was Apple’s vision of computing ? Personal computer = only digital hub Applications and UX = glue Devices = media consumption/creation ..……. July 2010 • Apple Study 33
- 34. iPad embodies the transition to post-PC era “We are scratching the surface on the kind of apps we can build for it. […] One can create a lot of content on a tablet.” Steve Jobs, D8 New input Progress in technologies + UI People will turn to a more intimate and direct relationship with content Personal computers Other devices, are trucks: most including tablets, will people do not need be mainstream, just such an extensive as cars are great for interface. everyday life. ..……. July 2010 • Apple Study 34
- 35. To make it happen Apple is investing in cloud Differentiation Independence Without cloud computing, Apple Without cloud computing, Apple would lose ground before its would fail to secure reliable competitors. infrastructure. • Mobile resources are • It would be dependent on constraints (end of Moore’s competitors (notably Google law1, battery life), while cloud and Amazon) computing enables speech • Entry barriers are increasing recognition, unlimited storage… (experience maintaining • Competitors are already security and scalability) differentiating: Google Voice, Microsoft Office Online… ..……. 1 Moore’s Law: see Wikipedia. July 2010 • Apple Study 35
- 36. Three upcoming features to build an Apple cloud “We’re working on it”, Steve Jobs, D8, June 2010 MobileMe Streaming New glue Streaming as a new The cloud is the new paradigm for media glue that links all Apple consumption Apple makes MobileMe devices free for all Apple users • Streamlined UX: no • Unified storage (iDisk) more downloading/buying Devices will be synced • Streaming vs. • Media & entertainment wirelessly downloading as a service • Would greatly improve • Monetisation: via the iPad Quattro Wireless1 Apple bought Lala (an online music store) in 2009, presumably to build up a cloud-based iTunes.com ..……. 1 Quattro Wireless is a mobile advertising agency bought by Apple in January 2010. July 2010 • Apple Study 36
- 37. Fostering a new Apple environment Decentralisation Glue = iTunes.com and MobileMe Variety of devices ..……. July 2010 • Apple Study 37
- 38. Step #8: Assess risks and competition Apple’s notion of control is the company’s greatest risk ..……. June 2010 • Apple Study v1.0 38
- 39. Overview of Apple, Microsoft and Google ..……. Source: Google Finance, IPO June 2010 • Apple Study v1.0 39
- 40. Will iOS vs Android be the revival of Macintosh vs. Windows? Apple: control and decide Microsoft & Google: dominate and divide Focus on one strategic Tight control on all layer aspects of UX (Windows, Search) The firm cannot support They create competition all development cost and to let others innovate in must focus on a few all remaining layers products. (hardware, web…) Microsoft Office (at the beginning only available 1985: Bill Gates begs Apple to consider licensing for the Macintosh platform) was instrumental in the Macintosh: “Apple must make Macintosh a fostering its sales. standard”. 1996: “If we had licensed earlier, we would be the Microsoft of today” (Apple executive VP Ian W. Diery) The same year, Apple reports $740 m loss. ..……. July 2010 • Apple Study 40
- 41. Differences in business models explain why Google and Apple compete Apple Google Freely adapted from a comment by Dominique de Vito on affordance.info Car dealer Road Toll Apple sells “great products”. Attacks Monetises web streams via ads. Differentiation: strives on selecting Volume: an Internet that is more the best technologies available open increases the traffic, which (Google’s when they’re the best). increases Google’s revenues. “I’ve always wanted to own the […] “[We don’t want] a future with one technology in everything I do” man, one company, one carrier” Steve Jobs1 Vic Gundotra, Google VP, Engineering2 ..……. 1 BusinessWeek Online, Oct. 12, 2004 2 Google I/O 2010 July 2010 • Apple Study 41
- 42. Worst-case scenario: How could Android kill iOS? Technological value User base Complementary goods Android benefits from Android Market open innovation. Android supports a fosters developers’ variety of devices. freedom. Apple’s walled garden prevents Only Apple products App Store approval others from innovating can use iOS. process is not in input method, flexible. hardware… Swype, an alternative input Ford, GM announced a line of Developers’ opinion: Android best method replacing the Android “Android cars” in the long term1 keyboard Apple’s vertical integration prevents partnerships: why would Apple let others compete with one of its layer? ..……. 1 Appcelerator study July 2010 • Apple Study 42
- 43. What are Apple’s main short-term risks? Product Brand image Steve Jobs Apple’s strategy is a Apple’s strategy of strict Apple’s nightmare began limited number of high product control can come with Jobs’ departure and quality products. across as evil. ended with his return. If a products had to be Developer lock-in: Xcode Its capacity to focus may recalled, it would (only IDE3), Objective-C be significantly impeded dramatically impact the (only language) without him brand. Heating issue in Apple III released in “We have created for the first time in all “Apple desperately needs a great day-to- 1980, due to Steve Jobs’ insistence that history, a garden of pure ideology, where day manager, visionary, leader and the computer should have no fans. each worker may bloom secure from the politician. The only person who’s pests of contradictory and confusing qualified to run this company was iPhone 4 antenna controversy truths.” crucified 2,000 years ago.” Michael Murphy, San Francisco Steve Jobs speaking about the App Chronicle, September 11, 1997 Store? No. Dictator representing IBM in Apple’s famous “1984” ads. 2 ..……. 1 BusinessWeek 2 Apple’s Mistake by Paul Graham 3Integrated Development Environment July 2010 • Apple Study 43
- 44. Conclusion: happily ever after Apple? Step #9: you can’t afford to make the slightest mistake? ..……. July 2010 • Apple Study 44
- 45. Appendix 1. Glossary 2. Acknowledgements 3. Contact ..……. July 2010 • Apple Study 45
- 46. Glossary • Digital Rights Management (DRM): technologies used by content owners to control usage of contents • DX (D5, D8…): The Wall Street Journal’s D: All Things Digital conference • Halo effect: a product (the iPod) has positive effects on our perception of something else (the Apple brand) • Moore’s law: “The number of transistors that can be placed inexpensively on an integrated circuit has doubled approximately every two years.” (see Wikipedia) • IDE: integrated development environment (see Wikipedia) • iOS: iPhone OS (operating system) • SaaS: Software as a Service (see Wikipedia) • Software Development Kit (SDK): set of development tools that allows for the creation of applications (from Wikipedia) • UI: user interface • UX: user experience • Vendor lock-in: makes a customer dependent on a vendor for products and services, unable to use another vendor without substantial switching costs (see Wikipedia) • WWDC: Apple WorldWide Developers Conference ..……. July 2010 • Apple Study 46
- 47. Acknowledgements • Mr. Gilles Dounès (MacPlus) • Mr. Christophe Laporte (Mac Génération) • Dr. Christian Chabrerie (Founder and CEO of MobiNear, professor at École Centrale Paris) • To our faberNovel contributors: • Sabrina Distinguin • Estelle Specque • Matthieu Lecomte • Romain Perrier ..……. July 2010 • Apple Study 47
- 48. Stéphane Distinguin Cyril Vart Founder & CEO VP Strategy & Development [email protected] [email protected] Baptiste Benezet Clément Ravouna Senior Project Designer Project Analyst [email protected] [email protected] Johan Ismaël Charles-Axel Dein Project Analyst Assistant Project Analyst Assistant [email protected] [email protected] 17, rue du faubourg du Temple 75010 Paris Tél. : +33 1 42 72 20 04 Fax. : +33 1 42 72 20 03 www.fabernovel.com ..……. July 2010 • Apple Study 48