![33
• What it is
• What it is not
• Why
• How
o Theory
o Practice
• Design Process
• Computation
• Terminology
o Analysis
o Simulation
o Evaluation
o Optimization
• Methods
• Techniques
• Platforms
• Tools
Parametric Modeling & Design
• Thinking of parameters instead of numbers!
• Same rationales, many alternatives!
▪ We could model an actual circle as a particular instance of a generic circle, which is
the locus of points equidistant from a given point as C (center), at a given distance R
(Radius), on a plane p.
▪ Parametric modeling is essential for formulating design problems
▪ The same role algebra has had in the progress of mathematics, parametric modeling
will have in systematic (research-oriented) design.
𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡)
𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡
𝑡 ∈ [0,2𝜋]
𝑡 =
2𝜋𝑖
𝑛
|𝑖 ∈[1,n]⊂ ℕ
Plane
Radius
Circle](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ar1twf030lecture1-171208200117/85/Ar1-twf030-lecture1-1-3-320.jpg)
Ar1 twf030 lecture1.1
- 1. 11 On Computational Design An overview of essential topics and approaches Dr.ir. Pirouz Nourian Assistant Professor of Design Informatics Department of Architectural Engineering & Technology Faculty of Architecture and Built Environment
- 2. 22 • What it is • What it is not • Why • How o Theory o Practice • Design Process • Computation • Terminology o Analysis o Simulation o Evaluation o Optimization • Methods • Techniques • Platforms • Tools WYSIWYG versus WYSIWYM 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑅2 The Product vs The Process
- 3. 33 • What it is • What it is not • Why • How o Theory o Practice • Design Process • Computation • Terminology o Analysis o Simulation o Evaluation o Optimization • Methods • Techniques • Platforms • Tools Parametric Modeling & Design • Thinking of parameters instead of numbers! • Same rationales, many alternatives! ▪ We could model an actual circle as a particular instance of a generic circle, which is the locus of points equidistant from a given point as C (center), at a given distance R (Radius), on a plane p. ▪ Parametric modeling is essential for formulating design problems ▪ The same role algebra has had in the progress of mathematics, parametric modeling will have in systematic (research-oriented) design. 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡) 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 𝑡 ∈ [0,2𝜋] 𝑡 = 2𝜋𝑖 𝑛 |𝑖 ∈[1,n]⊂ ℕ Plane Radius Circle
- 4. 44 • What it is • What it is not • Why • How o Theory o Practice • Design Process • Computation • Terminology o Analysis o Simulation o Evaluation o Optimization • Methods • Techniques • Platforms • Tools Hierarchical Decision Making Synthesis SynthesisSynthesis Evaluation Evaluation Evaluation Structural Logic Shape Structure Details Materials Construction Analysis Analysis Analysis Phase 0: Design Intent Phase 1: Design Development Phase 2: Detail Design Climatic Logic Functional Logic Configuration
- 5. 55 • What it is • What it is not • Why • How o Theory o Practice • Design Process • Computation • Terminology o Analysis o Simulation o Evaluation o Optimization • Methods • Techniques • Platforms • Tools How to reach at good solutions out of many alternatives (optimization/control techniques) • Identification of spatial/physical design principles • definition of design goals in terms of performance criteria; and defining a phase-model for the parametric design process: from schematic design to detailing; • formulation of ‘design problems’ (parameterization); • parametric generation of design alternatives (in collaboration with Architect, Structural Designer, Designer Building Services, Façade Designer and Project Manager); • performance measurements (again in collaboration with the other team members); • design optimization (maximization of desired performance measures) Exploration/Optimization Framework Goals Principles Formulation Evaluation
- 6. 66 • What it is • What it is not • Why • How o Theory o Practice • Design Process • Computation • Terminology o Analysis o Simulation o Evaluation o Optimization • Methods • Techniques • Platforms • Tools Common Misconceptions! • we can automate the design process! • parametric design is another architectural style! • parametric design= grasshopper! • computational design is a magic art! • computational design is for geek guys!
- 7. 77 • What it is • What it is not • Why • How o Theory o Practice • Design Process • Computation • Terminology o Analysis o Simulation o Evaluation o Optimization • Methods • Techniques • Platforms • Tools Using sophisticated software applications does NOT necessarily mean doing computational design! • If we start with wrong assumptions at the beginning, a simulation tool cannot tell us what to do to improve our design! • Even if we optimize minor things at a late stage of design, the whole configuration might be extremely ineffective and inefficient due to initial decisions! • Most important decisions pertained to configuration and shape are made at early stages of design process! Design (CAD) Simulate (FEA) Label! (LEED) Certified—45 points Silver—60 points Gold—75 points Platinum—90 points
- 8. 88 • What it is • What it is not • Why • How o Theory o Practice • Design Process • Computation • Terminology o Analysis o Simulation o Evaluation o Optimization • Methods • Techniques • Platforms • Tools Why Computational Design? What is it that we could not do without computation? How do we design for better life (more sustainable if you like)? But what is good??? And how do we compare actual design alternatives?! How do we know if our design is going to work as intended? How can we underpin our design as to its functional rationale? What is it that we could do better with computation?
- 9. 99 • What it is • What it is not • Why • How o Theory o Practice • Design Process • Computation • Terminology o Analysis o Simulation o Evaluation o Optimization • Methods • Techniques • Platforms • Tools How do we design methodically?
- 10. 1010 • What it is • What it is not • Why • How o Theory o Practice • Design Process • Computation • Terminology o Analysis o Simulation o Evaluation o Optimization • Methods • Techniques • Platforms • Tools How do we design methodically? 1. Create (synthesize) objects systematically 2. Measure (analyze/simulate) qualities quantitatively 3. Compare (evaluate) designs objectively
- 11. 1111 • What it is • What it is not • Why • How o Theory o Practice • Design Process • Computation • Terminology o Analysis o Simulation o Evaluation o Optimization • Methods • Techniques • Platforms • Tools How do we design methodically? 1. Create (synthesize) objects systematically through: • parametric formulation of phenotypes • systematic generation of genotypes 2. Measure (analyze/simulate) qualities quantitatively • Analysis using mathematical models, non-contextual • Simulation using computational models, contextual 3. Compare (evaluate) designs objectively using: • Absolute Extremums • Standards/Milestones/Benchmarks • Evaluation Frameworks
- 12. 1212 • What it is • What it is not • Why • How o Theory o Practice • Design Process • Computation • Terminology o Analysis o Simulation o Evaluation o Optimization • Methods • Techniques • Platforms • Tools Design Process • Design is about making things • Science is about knowing things • Design is about working on vague problems that have no definitive solution! • A design is a concrete proposition for an abstract demand. • Philosophically, there can never be a proof that a design is the best it could ever be! (Rittel, 1973) • Formulation is as important as problem-solving. (Simon, 1999) • Design is a process of co-evolution of problems and solutions (Cross & Dorst 2007), through analysis, synthesis and evaluation (Lawson, 2005).
- 13. 1313 • What it is • What it is not • Why • How o Theory o Practice • Design Process • Computation • Terminology o Analysis o Simulation o Evaluation o Optimization • Methods • Techniques • Platforms • Tools Design Process The process of “thinking” for “making” something based on needs, intentions, requirements and constraints. Cross & Dorst 2007 Lawson 2005
- 14. 1414 • What it is • What it is not • Why • How o Theory o Practice • Design Process • Computation • Terminology o Analysis o Simulation o Evaluation o Optimization • Methods • Techniques • Platforms • Tools What is it? Who is she?
- 15. 1515 • What it is • What it is not • Why • How o Theory o Practice • Design Process • Computation • Terminology o Analysis o Simulation o Evaluation o Optimization • Methods • Techniques • Platforms • Tools Computation Computers and computer are causal systems; meaning, programs and computers DO NOT THINK in the sense that human beings do; they do not have intentions, motives, anticipation or creativity: they just act as programmed! Information processing by means of algorithms An algorithm is a technical recipe for doing something Image courtesy of http://iheartapple.com
- 16. 1616 • What it is • What it is not • Why • How o Theory o Practice • Design Process • Computation • Terminology o Analysis o Simulation o Evaluation o Optimization • Methods • Techniques • Platforms • Tools To avoid misconceptions: Analysis and Simulation are meant to provide an indication of Performance (Functionality) of an Environment by means of Mathematical Models or Computational Models (respectively). Analytic or Simulated Performance measurements are neutral per se. Evaluation is a step above Analysis and Simulation that is to conclude with a judgement on the relative quality of a building/’design’ compared to other buildings/’designs’. Optimization is the systematic process of seeking the highest attainable level of quality. Optimization processes are generally either set up as feed-forward or feed-back control mechanisms.
- 17. 1717 • What it is • What it is not • Why • How o Theory o Practice • Design Process • Computation • Terminology o Analysis o Simulation o Evaluation o Optimization • Methods • Techniques • Platforms • Tools Performance Analysis Measuring potentials, 80% mathematical-20% computational • Continuous Models: Analytic measurements using mathematical models of objects, e.g. curvature analysis • Discrete Models: Analysis of walkability by finding distances on a network using optimal path algorithms
- 18. 1818 • What it is • What it is not • Why • How o Theory o Practice • Design Process • Computation • Terminology o Analysis o Simulation o Evaluation o Optimization • Methods • Techniques • Platforms • Tools Performance Simulation Measuring dynamics, 20% mathematical-80% computational How does a ‘system’ behave (affects or gets affected by) in a particular ‘environment’? For example, how much a certain building will be lit throughout winter in Amsterdam? Agent Simulation, image courtesy of Space Syntax LtdSolar Gain Estimation
- 19. 1919 • What it is • What it is not • Why • How o Theory o Practice • Design Process • Computation • Terminology o Analysis o Simulation o Evaluation o Optimization • Methods • Techniques • Platforms • Tools Performance Evaluation How good a system is behaving/performing? • Quality criteria • A quantitative interpretation of performance simulations/estimations • How to tell if design A is performing better than design B? • Defining an “objective function” Solar Gain Estimation and Evaluation: comparing a set of different design alternatives for a courtyard housing block
- 20. 2020 • What it is • What it is not • Why • How o Theory o Practice • Design Process • Computation • Terminology o Analysis o Simulation o Evaluation o Optimization • Methods • Techniques • Platforms • Tools A) Continuous Changes: • Feed-Forward using mathematical analysis or computational simulation • Feed-Back using meta-heuristic methods such as evolutionary algorithms, simulated annealing, swarm intelligence, etc. Parametric Circle Radius𝑟 = ൗ𝐴 𝜋 A 100 𝑚2 big circle Parametric Circle Radius circle Manipulate R to minimize Δ Compute Area How do we make a circle that is as big as 100 𝑚2 ?
- 21. 2121 • What it is • What it is not • Why • How o Theory o Practice • Design Process • Computation • Terminology o Analysis o Simulation o Evaluation o Optimization • Methods • Techniques • Platforms • Tools B) With Topological Changes Catalogue/Enumerate and Rank listing all(most important) possibilities What layout topologies are possible for our configuration? And which of them is the best… A syntactic architectural design methodology, Nourian et al, 2013
- 22. 2222 • What it is • What it is not • Why • How o Theory o Practice • Design Process • Computation • Terminology o Analysis o Simulation o Evaluation o Optimization • Methods • Techniques • Platforms • Tools ▪ Problem Formulation: • Defining Design Goals • Determining the Hierarchy of Goals and their Corresponding Decisions • Formulating Design Principles (multiple disciplines) • Ideation for Integrating Design Principles in a Configuration • Identifying Trade-Offs and Formulating Optimization Problems • Algorithmic Sketching of the Idea ▪ Design Development: • Designing a Computational Workflow Mathematical Interpretation Identifying Systems and Sub-systems Drawing Flowcharts Writing Pseudocode • Programming/Workflow Modelling ▪ Problem Solving: • Feed-Forward Optimization • Feed-Back Optimization
- 23. 2323 • What it is • What it is not • Why • How o Theory o Practice • Design Process • Computation • Terminology o Analysis o Simulation o Evaluation o Optimization • Methods • Techniques • Platforms • Tools ▪ Problem Formulation: • Defining Design Goals • Determining the Hierarchy of Goals and their Corresponding Decisions • Formulating Design Principles (multiple disciplines) • Ideation for Integrating Design Principles in a Configuration • Identifying Trade-Offs and Formulating Optimization Problems • Algorithmic Sketching of the Idea ▪ Design Development: • Designing a Computational Workflow Mathematical Interpretation Identifying Systems and Sub-systems Drawing Flowcharts Writing Pseudocode • Programming/Workflow Modelling ▪ Problem Solving: • Feed-Forward Optimization • Feed-Back Optimization Watch at home!
- 24. 2424 • What it is • What it is not • Why • How o Theory o Practice • Design Process • Computation • Terminology o Analysis o Simulation o Evaluation o Optimization • Methods • Techniques • Platforms • Tools ▪ Problem Formulation: • Defining Design Goals • Determining the Hierarchy of Goals and their Corresponding Decisions • Formulating Design Principles (multiple disciplines) • Ideation for Integrating Design Principles in a Configuration • Identifying Trade-Offs and Formulating Optimization Problems • Algorithmic Sketching of the Idea ▪ Design Development: • Designing a Computational Workflow Mathematical Interpretation Identifying Systems and Sub-systems Drawing Flowcharts Writing Pseudocode • Programming/Workflow Modelling ▪ Problem Solving: • Feed-Forward Optimization • Feed-Back Optimization IN OUT A CAUSAL SYSTEM Nourian, Rezvani, Sariylidiz, 2013, Space Syntax for Generative Design
- 25. 2525 • What it is • What it is not • Why • How o Theory o Practice • Design Process • Computation • Terminology o Analysis o Simulation o Evaluation o Optimization • Methods • Techniques • Platforms • Tools ▪ Problem Formulation: • Defining Design Goals • Determining the Hierarchy of Goals and their Corresponding Decisions • Formulating Design Principles (multiple disciplines) • Ideation for Integrating Design Principles in a Configuration • Identifying Trade-Offs and Formulating Optimization Problems • Algorithmic Sketching of the Idea ▪ Design Development: • Designing a Computational Workflow Mathematical Interpretation Identifying Systems and Sub-systems Drawing Flowcharts Writing Pseudocode • Programming/Workflow Modelling ▪ Problem Solving: • Feed-Forward Optimization • Feed-Back Optimization Configraphics: Graph Theoretical Methods of Design and Analysis of Spatial Configurations, Nourian, P, 2016
- 26. 2626 • What it is • What it is not • Why • How o Theory o Practice • Design Process • Computation • Terminology o Analysis o Simulation o Evaluation o Optimization • Methods • Techniques • Platforms • Tools ▪ Problem Formulation: • Defining Design Goals: Pen & Paper • Determining the Hierarchy of Goals & Decisions: Rationalization • Formulating Design Principles: Diverge, Agree to Disagree, Abstract & Generalize • Ideation for a Configuration: Converge and Synthesize One Solution • Identifying Trade-Offs and Formulating Optimization Problems: Pen & Paper • Algorithmic Sketching of the Idea: parametrize the idea or define it based on rules ▪ Design Development: • Designing a Computational Workflow Mathematical Interpretation: pen & paper Identifying Systems and Sub-systems Drawing Flowcharts: www.draw.io Writing Pseudocode: pen & paper • Programming/Workflow Modelling ▪ Problem Solving: • Feed-Forward Optimization: genotype creation (e.g. by network configuration) • Feed-Back Optimization: phenotype evolution (e.g. by genetic algorithms)
- 27. 2727 • What it is • What it is not • Why • How o Theory o Practice • Design Process • Computation • Terminology o Analysis o Simulation o Evaluation o Optimization • Methods • Techniques • Platforms • Tools Processing & OSGeo Generative Components on Micro Station Viz on SketchUp Node Editor on Blender Marionnette on Vector Works
- 28. 2828 • What it is • What it is not • Why • How o Theory o Practice • Design Process • Computation • Terminology o Analysis o Simulation o Evaluation o Optimization • Methods • Techniques • Platforms • Tools Collaborative Workflow Technical Integration of Designs and Building Information Model https://flux.io/
- 29. 2929 • What it is • What it is not • Why • How o Theory o Practice • Design Process • Computation • Terminology o Analysis o Simulation o Evaluation o Optimization • Methods • Techniques • Platforms • Tools Plugins that we recommend: Structural Design Computations: • Kangaroo • Millipede • Karamba
- 30. 3030 • What it is • What it is not • Why • How o Theory o Practice • Design Process • Computation • Terminology o Analysis o Simulation o Evaluation o Optimization • Methods • Techniques • Platforms • Tools Plugins that we recommend: Climatic Design Computations: • Ladybug • DIVA • ArchSim
- 31. 3131 • What it is • What it is not • Why • How o Theory o Practice • Design Process • Computation • Terminology o Analysis o Simulation o Evaluation o Optimization • Methods • Techniques • Platforms • Tools Plugins are out there: BIM Plugins • Geometry Gym • GH>>Revit • Visual ARQ • Chameleon
- 32. 3232 • What it is • What it is not • Why • How o Theory o Practice • Design Process • Computation • Terminology o Analysis o Simulation o Evaluation o Optimization • Methods • Techniques • Platforms • Tools Plugins that we recommend: Topological Mesh Modelling • Mesh Edit (UTO) • Weaver Bird • Leopard • Mesh(+)
- 33. 3333 • What it is • What it is not • Why • How o Theory o Practice • Design Process • Computation • Terminology o Analysis o Simulation o Evaluation o Optimization • Methods • Techniques • Platforms • Tools Plugins that we recommend: Architectural Design Computations • Spider Web • Syntactic (Space Syntax)