Arduino programming

•
Introduction to Arduino
•
UNO Overview
•
Programming Basics
•
Arduino Libraires
l
Siji Sunny
siji@melabs.in
Arduino Programming
(For Beginners)

WHAT IS ARDUINO
(C) MELabs (Mobile Embedded Labs Pvt.Ltd)

The Arduino project started in 2003 as a program for students at the Interaction Design
Institute Ivrea in Ivrea, Italy

Open Source Hardware and Software Platform

single-board microcontroller

Allows to building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control
objects in the physical world.

DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT

The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software

IDE(integrated development environment)

The Atmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preburned with a Bootloader that allows you to
upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer.

You can also bypass the Bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP
(In-Circuit Serial Programming) header.

Arduino UNO

UNO SPECIFCATION
●
The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software
●
Microcontroller – Atmega328
●
Operating Voltage 5V and 3.3 V
●
Digital I/O Pins -14
●
Analog Input Pins 6
●
Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by Bootloader
●
SRAM – 2KB
●
EEPROM -1KB

MEMORY/STORAGE

There are three pools of memory in the microcontroller used on avr-based Arduino
boards :

Flash memory (program space), is where the Arduino sketch is stored.

SRAM (static random access memory) is where the sketch creates and manipulates variables
when it runs.

EEPROM is memory space that programmers can use to store long-term information.

Flash memory and EEPROM memory are non-volatile (the information persists after
the power is turned off). SRAM is volatile and will be lost when the power is cycled.

ARDUINO PROGRAMMING -GLOSSARY
●
Sketch – Program that runs on the board
●
Pin – Input or Output connected to something – Eg: Output to an LED input to an
Switch
●
Digital – 1 (high) or 0 (Low) -ON/OFF
●
Analog – Range 0-255 (Led brightness)
●
Arduino IDE – Comes with C/C++ lib named as Wiring
●
Programs are written in C & C++ but only having two funtcions -
Setup() - Called once at the start of program, works as initialiser
Loop() - Called repeatedly until the board is powered-off

SKETCH
Global Variables
setup()
loop()
Variable Declaration
Initialise
loop
C++ Lib
C/C++
Readable Code
C/C++
Readable Code
Assembly Readable
Code
Machine Language

SKETCH -setup()/loop()
setup()
pinMode() - set pin as input or output
serialBegin() - Set to talk to the computer
loop()
digitalWrite() - set digital pin as high/low
digtialRead() -read a digital pin state
wait()- wait an amount of time

SKETCH -Example
// the setup function runs once when you press reset or power the board
void setup() {
// initialize digital pin LED_BUILTIN as an output.
pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);
}
// the loop function runs over and over again forever
void loop() {
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level)
delay(1000); // wait for a second
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, LOW); // turn the LED off by making the voltage LOW
delay(1000); // wait for a second
}

For Statement -example
// Dim an LED using a PWM pin
int PWMpin = 10; // LED in series with 470 ohm resistor on pin 10
void setup()
{
// no setup needed
}
void loop()
{
for (int i=0; i <= 255; i++) {
analogWrite(PWMpin, i);
//Writes an analog value (PWM wave) to a pin. Can be used to light a LED at varying brightnesses or
drive a motor at various speeds
delay(10);
}
}

If --- else
MELabs (Mobile Embedded Labs Pvt.Ltd)
The if statement checks for a condition and executes the proceeding statement or set
of statements if the condition is 'true'.
Syntax
if (condition)
{
//statement(s)
}
Parameters
condition: a boolean expression i.e., can be true or false

Switch/Case statements
MELabs (Mobile Embedded Labs Pvt.Ltd)
switch (var) {
case 1:
//do something when var equals 1
break;
case 2:
//do something when var equals 2
break;
default:
// if nothing else matches, do the default
// default is optional
}

For Statement

The for statement is used to repeat a block of statements enclosed in curly braces.

An increment counter is usually used to increment and terminate the loop.

The for statement is useful for any repetitive operation, and is often used in
combination with arrays to operate on collections of data/pins.
for (initialization; condition; increment) {
//statement(s);
}

while statement
A while loop will loop continuously, and infinitely, until the expression inside
the parenthesis, () becomes false.
while(condition){
// statement(s)
}
Example :
var = 0;
while(var < 200){
// do something repetitive 200 times
var++;
}

Do – While statement
The do…while loop works in the same manner as the while loop, with the exception
that the condition is tested at the end of the loop, so the do loop will always run at
least once.
do
{
// statement block
} while (condition);
Example -
do
{
delay(50); // wait for sensors to stabilize
x = readSensors(); // check the sensors
} while (x < 100);

Data Types
●
Integers, booleans, and characters
●
Float: Data type for floating point numbers (those with a decimal point). They can range
from 3.4028235E+38 down to -3.4028235E+38. Stored as 32 bits (4 bytes).
●
Long: Data type for larger numbers, from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647, and store
32 bits (4 bytes) of information.
●
String: On the Arduino, there are really two kinds of strings: strings (with a lower case s )ʻ ʼ
can be created as an array of characters (of type char). String (with a capital S ), is a Stringʻ ʼ
type object.
Char stringArray[10] = “isdi”;
String stringObject = String(“isdi”);
The advantage of the second method (using the String object) is that it allows you to use a number of built-in methods,
such as length(), replace(), and equals().

ARDUINO -Libraries
Libraries provide extra functionality for use in sketches, e.g. working with hardware
or manipulating data. To use a library in a sketch.
select it from Sketch > Import Library.

Standard Libraries

EEPROM - reading and writing to "permanent" storage


Ethernet / Ethernet 2 - for connecting to the internet using the Arduino Ethernet Shield, Arduino Ethernet Shield 2 and Arduino
Leonardo ETH


Firmata - for communicating with applications on the computer using a standard serial protocol.


GSM - for connecting to a GSM/GRPS network with the GSM shield.


LiquidCrystal - for controlling liquid crystal displays (LCDs)


SD - for reading and writing SD cards


Servo - for controlling servo motors


SPI - for communicating with devices using the Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) Bus


Stepper - for controlling stepper motors


TFT - for drawing text , images, and shapes on the Arduino TFT screen


WiFi - for connecting to the internet using the Arduino WiFi shield

Arduino programming

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