ARTHOPODS ,B.SC,GNM,POST BSC, CLASSES ALL

Introduction
Animals like arachnids, myriapods, crustaceans
and insects are included in the category of
arthropods, which covers 75% of the animal
species present in the world.The major part
of Arthropods is a group of insects, and the
other biggest groups are of crustaceans
together with crabs and lobsters.
Ticks and spiders are included in arachnids
while various other arthropods comprise
millipedes and centipedes.

There are joints in the limbs of arthropods
that permit them to rotate freely. They have
an exoskeleton as well, that is an external
hard skeleton. The circulatory system,
digestive system, reproductive system and
nervous system are comprised in the body
cavity of arthropods.
Examples of Arthropods and Its Control
Measures – An invertebrate species with a
segmented body, an exoskeletonAn oint
limbs is an “arthropod”.

Some examples ofArthropods are as
follows:
1) Mosquito
2) Housefly
3) Sand fly
4) Human louse
5) Rat fleas
6) Ticks (scrub typhus)

Mosquitoes
Mosquitoes are common, flying insects that live in most parts
of the world. Over 3,500 types of mosquitoes can be found
worldwide. Not all mosquitoes bite people or animals.When
mosquitoes bite people, the most common reactions to the bite
are itching and swelling. Some mosquitoes can be vectors.
1) Eggs: For nourishing and developing the eggs, female
Mosquitoes suck the host blood, while male mosquitoes Eat
plant nectar.
2) Larvae: In 24 to 48 hours, the eggs will pod into larvae
and then the larvae will quickly turn to about 5 mm in length.
3) Pupae: Larvae will move in the pupal stage in seven to
ten days. On top of the water (the breeding place), pupas are
visible.When a mosquito is completely grown, it will arise from
its pupal stage to an adult.The new adult stands upon the water
and soaks its wings to prepare for Flying.

Diseases from Mosquitoes
The diseases of mosquito-borne become communicable on
biting of an infected mosquito.The common disease are
as follow;-
1) La crosse encephalitis
2) Zika virus
3) West nile virus
4) Malaria
5) Japanese encephalitis
6) Chikungunya
7) La crosse encephalitis
8) Dengue fever
9 ) Louis encephalitis
10) Eastern and western equine encephalitis

Many diseases transmitted by mosquitoes to
individuals are caused through viruses. But
malaria is caused through parasite.There are
different types of disease that are caused by
different mosquitoes.
Control Measures for Mosquitoes
Anti-Larval Measures:These Control
I) Environmental Control:The Methods of
Environmental control include source reduction,
Source reduction also involves making the water
unsuitable for mosquito breeding by changing
its salinity. Mosquito breeding can also be
controlled by adequate collection,removal, and
disposal of sewage and waste water.

ii) Chemical Control: The chemical larvacides
used commonly are mineral oils, Parisgreen, and
synthetic insecticides. On applying mineral oils
(kerosene, diesel, or special mosquito larvicidal
oil) on water, they spread and form a thin film
over the water surface, thus the air supply to
mosquito larvae and pupae is cut off, and toxic
effects are produced on their life-cycle stages.
Oil should be applied once in a week.
Iii) Biological Control: Mosquito larvae are
eaten up By small fishes like Gambusia affinis and
Lebistor reticulatus, thus they are used in burrow
pits sewage oxidation ponds,cisterns,and farm
ponds.

2) Anti-Adult Measures: These include:
i) Residual Sprays: DDT is sprayed on the walls and other
surfaces (where mosquitoes rest) for controlling adult
mosquitoes. However, continued use of DDT has produced
Resistance in the mosquitoes.
Periodical sensitivity tests should be carried out to
determine the efficiency of insecticides against different
mosquito species.
ii) Space Sprays: An insecticidal formulation is sprayed in
the atmosphere to form mist or fog which kills the insects.
Pyrethrum extract containing nerve poison pyrethrin and
the residual insecticides (like malathion and fenitrothion)
are sprayed by ultra-low-volume fogging technique.
iii) Genetic Control:The methods of genetic control include
sterile male technique, cytoplasmic incompatibility,
chromosomal translocation, sex distortion, and gene
replacement.

3) Protection Against Mosquito Bites: These
include:
i) Mosquito Nets:These are used during sleep
for Protection against mosquito bites. Ideally,
they should be rectangular-shaped and light
in colour (preferably white) so that
mosquitoes are easily visible.The sides of a
net should be of netting.
ii) Screening: A complete screening of houses
with copper or bronze gauge effectively
blocks the entry of mosquitoes.
iii) Repellent:These are applied on the skin,
but provide short duration of protection.

Housefly
The suborder of Cyclorrhapha is the housefly (Musca domestica),
it is supposed to envolve in Cenozoic Era, in middle east and
has spread all around the world as a commensal of humans.
Housefly is a general species of fly that is founded in houses.
The adult flies turn to black from grey, with four dark, longitudinal
lines on the thorax, some what hairy bodies, and a couple of
membranous wings.The female flies are to some extent
different from male flies as they have red eyes.
The female Musca domestica (female fly) typically mates one time
and stores the spermatozo an for future use.The female fly lays
groups of approximately hundred eggs on decaying organic
matter like faeces, scraps or carrion and the eggs then soon
hatches in legless white larvae, called as maggots.Two to five
days later of growth, these metamorphose turn into pupae of
reddish-brown colour of approximately 8mm long.

Fly
Any blood-sucking dipteran or genus or
species of flying that come across the sandy
areas is commonly referred as “Sandfly
Sandfly can be defined as horse flies in the
United States are also categorced as
‘greenheads’ belonging to the family of
Tabanidae, or to representatives of the
Ceratopogonidae family. Mostly, the female
sandfly is accountable for biting and sucking
the blood of reptiles, birds and mammals

.
This helps the sandflies to make them an
anautogenous reproducer as the protein
in the blood is required for the development off eggs.
Diseases from Sand Fly The common diseases caused
by sandflies include:
1) The fundamental agent of Carrion’s disease,
Bartonella Bacilliformis spreads via various
members of Lutzomyia Genus.
2) Sandflies are responsible for transmitting the
disease leishmania caused by the genus
Leishmania.

Control Measures for Sand Fly.
Over-the-counter repellents with significant concentrations of DEET or
picaridin have helped a lot to keep control over the sand flies but these are
not appropriate for certain individuals, like pregnant women and people of
sensitive skin.
The efficacy of DEET and picaridin products, however, appears to vary among
people with some individuals reporting good outcomes with one product
over another while others finding no product are efficient for them.
Human Louse
Human Louse Within the family Pediculidae (order Phthiraptera, suborder
Anoplura), human louse (Pediculus humanus), also known as body louse or
body lice, is a familiar species of sucking louse that is found on the body of
human beings. It feeds on blood and can be a significant transmitter of
epidemic typhus and other human louse-borne diseases like relapsing and
trench fever.

Disease from Human Louse
The most common disease that can be caused by body lice is
Pediculosis corporis, the cutaneous condition, resulting in
intense itching. Usually, the species of lice do not act as the
vector of other diseases but body lice may also act as the
vector of diseases, for example, transmitting
BorreliaQuintana resulting in trench fever, Rickettsia
prowazeki resulting in typhus and Borrelia recurrentis
resulting in relapsing fever.Variety of conditions such as
weather, lack of hygiene and humidity may lead to an
increment in population of human louse. During the spring
or winter months, the individuals have to wear several
cloths and this results in increasing the possibilities of
making the person suffer from various diseases like typhus
as the warm and moist clothes are the great places for the
body louse to live and reproduce.

Control Measures for Human Louse The control measures
for human louse are as follows:
 1) Sharing of clothes, towels, bedding and beds with an
infected person should be avoided.
 2) In order to control and prevent the transmission of diseases
caused by body lice, occasionally,
dusting or fumigation with chemical insecticides should be
adopted.
 3) The infested clothing and bedding should be washed by
using the hot water (minimum 130°F) laundry cycle and dried
by using high heat drying cycle.The non-washable clothes
and products should be dry-Cleaned or packed in a plastic
bag and stored for 2 weeks.

Rat Fleas
A small parasite which feeds on the rodent’s blood
referred as at flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) and it is
identified as the ansporter of a range of diseases.
Rat fleas are considered as the primary vector of
bubonic plague.The infection is transmitted when a
person is bitten by a flea that has fed on an infected
rodent.
Rat fleas initiate as white eggs that are laid by the female
and hatched on ground or are laid in the bedding of
animals on the ground.The length of emerging larvae
of rat flies is approximately 3 to 5mm and usually looks
like the small and legless worms. Instead of consuming
the blood, the larvae eat flea droppings, dead skin
cells and hair of animals for their development.

The larvae spin and pupate in the white and silken
cocoons. After the process of pupating, the rat fleas
emerge to be capable of sucking the blood and
breeding.
The usual life cycle of an adult rat flea is approximately
one year and tends to live in the warmer climates.
Diseases from Rat Fleas
‘Plague is the most common disease that transmits
through rat fleas. In fact, the rat fleas are not the
primary cause of plague, they only act as the vector for
this disease.
The other diseases that transmit through rat fleas by
acting as the vector include Yersinia pestis,Rickettsia
typhi. In addition to these, the rat fleas also perform as
host for tapeworms Hymenolepis
diminuta and Hymenolepis nana.

Control Measures for Rat Fleas
The
following measures can be proven very effective for
Controlling the rat fleas:
1) Insecticides:The primarily used insecticide in contradiction
of rat fleas is DDT.The common features of This are:
1) The DDT powder is sprayed in the powder form in the
places that are frequently visited by rodents and their holes.
ii) In addition to scattering of powder on the floor it should
also be sprayed on walls to a height of approximately one
foot.
iii) This powder adheres to the rodents’ fur coat and kills the
fleas.
iv) Fleas have developed resistance to BHC and DDT in places
where the plague is common.

Ticks
Ticks are the parasitic arachnids that belong to the suborder
Ixodida and superorder Parasitiformes.Both Ticks and Mites
belong to the same subclass Acari.
Based on the age, gender, fullness and species the length of adult
ticks are about 3 to 5mm.Ticks are outer parasite that lives by
consuming the blood of well-evolved creatures.Winged animals
and in some cases creatures and reptiles of water and land.
Diseases from Ticks
The variety of tick-bome diseases may occur, involving the
following:
1) Q fever
2) Babesiosis
3) Anaplasmosis

4) Tularemia
5) Powassan encephalitis
6) Colorado tick fever
7) Lyme disease
8) tick-associated rash illness
9) Ehrlichiosis
10) Tick-borne relapsing fever

ARTHOPODS ,B.SC,GNM,POST BSC, CLASSES ALL

ARTHOPODS ,B.SC,GNM,POST BSC, CLASSES ALL

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ARTHOPODS ,B.SC,GNM,POST BSC, CLASSES ALL