Artificial Intelligence Essay

Artificial Intelligence Essay
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence is a broad topic, consisting of different fields, from machine vision to expert
systems. Nowadays with the use of high level techniques, computers have been programmed to
solve many difficult problems, but the products that are available today are only a sample of what is
coming in the future. AI has an interesting history and has always been on the pioneering end of
computer science. In order to classify machines as "thinking", it is necessary to explain intelligence.
What is intelligence exactly? How do you get intelligent? All these questions are still unanswered
and all of them have helped to create both problems and solutions that found the heart of modern AI.
...show more content...
Computers could be programmed in the same way as the brain processes information. To simulate
human intelligence the computer must first simulate and understand the human behavior. But even
after that, the computer must be able to understand emotions and how those emotions make us feel.
A computer can appear to think but in reality it is just following instructions. The goal of AI is to
stimulate human performance at a task, not only do they want the program to do the best as it can
but to also fail where a person would fail. There are some techniques which have been developed
by psychologists that can be used to do this analysis. A digital computer is purely a machine to
manipulate ones and zeros, given a specific program. But humans are able to understand what the
"meaning" of the phrase was, however a computer would not.
The separation between a human and a machine is easy because one has emotions and the other
one doesn't. Machine based decisions are more logical and rational and are without any emotional
baggage. But on the other hand emotions are useful to form decisions. There are only two possible
ways of dealing with this problem. Emotions can be provided for intelligent machines by duplicating
a sub–system of a human brain or on the other hand we could have machines without any emotions.
If that's the case, then machines will not take account of any moral issues
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Computers and information technology seem to be bringing about a magnitude of change
comparable to that which took place during the Industrial Revolution, transforming our social,
economic, and political institutions; our understanding of what it means to be human; and the
distribution of power in the world. Some may argue that computer professionals have very little say
in what technologies get designed and built. This seems to be mistaken on at least two counts. First,
we can distinguish between computer professionals as individuals and computer professionals as a
group. Even if individuals have little power in the jobs they hold, they can exert power collectively.
Second, individuals can have an effect if they think of themselves as...show more content...
Thus, this allows more opportunity to expand on one's knowledge that may benefit society. On the
other hand, economically, jobs may be lost as a result of AI.
Computers are fast becoming a ubiquitous part of our lives, and our appetite for information is ever
increasing. As a result, many researchers have sought to develop convenient human–computer
interfaces, so that ordinary people can effortlessly access, process, and manipulate vast amounts of
information–anytime and anywhere–for education, decision making, purchasing, or entertainment. A
speech interface, in a user's own language, is ideal because it is the most natural, flexible, efficient,
and economical form of human communication. However, with AIs becoming more common to
society, people may become overly dependent on the artificial intelligence systems. This can be
extremely harmful for society. For example, instead of taking the opportunity to expand on their
knowledge and work productively, some people may just take this for granted. The fact that artificial
intelligent systems are here just to make jobs easier can inadvertently make people lazy. Not doing
anything would be a waste in human intelligence.
An AI sufficiently intelligent to understand its own design could redesign itself or create a
successor system, more intelligent, which could then redesign itself yet again to become even more
intelligent, and so on in a positive feedback cycle, I. J. Good (1965). It is clear that superhuman
intelligence

Artificial Intelligence once something that people thought could only come out of science fiction
novels and movies. But today that could all change because of a robot called Cog. Cog is an
artificial intelligence that it's creators have given a body. He is the future of AI and a new
beginning for the field. His creator , Rogney Brooks, a professor of electrical engineering and
computer science, thought of creating cog, from inspiration from an artificial intelligence that was
depicted in the movie, "2001:A Space Odyssey." In the movie, Hal, the AI, controlled a large space
craft. Instead of creating a brain in a box like in the movie, Rodney is putting the mind of a human
into the body of a robot....show more content...
These other robots, would have to carry a complete map of the world that the machine will encounter.
That would work fine in the lab, Brooks reasoned, but what about the real world with it's vast space
and many unfamiliar obstacles. To over overcome this problem, Brooks programmed this little robots
with so–called parallel behaviors.
He didn't need the all–encompassing maps others used, just simple leg routines, such as up–down
and forward–back motions the operate in parallel. On the robot's legs sensors warded of obstacles
and triggered these behaviors like reflexes. These machines ran riot in the lab where gradua! te
students built new obstacles courses for them every day. The insect like robots managed to conquer
all. Cog represents the basic same principal, but a few steps beyond.
Brooks plans to take Cog a long way. Right now , Cog is learning how to see, and relate what he
sees to his head motion, to be able to know what motion in the world, and what is dew to his head
movement. They are letting Cog learn by its self. There are also plans to make ears for cog so that
he may learn to hear. They have all ready completed a poly styrene head that is complete with
micro–phones and processors. The first step in teaching Cog to hear is to map sensor coordination
between the eyes and ears. With the done, when cog hears a sound, he will point his eyes at it, and
then if he sees motion, that will reinforce what he just heard

Artificial Intelligence1 Artificial Intelligence (AI) conjures up visions of robots that can mix dry
martinis while beating a grand master at chess; and to some, will one day be able to look, act, think
and react just like a real person. I would like to explore the concept of AI as it relates to the business
world, and its possible many other applications. I believe that true AI is a dream worth pursuing.
Like me, there are many who, just like those of the early 1960's, thought that putting a man on the
moon seemed to be an extremely difficult, but not an impossible task, believing the achievement of
true AI to come is just a matter of time.
To remain competitive, companies must continue to improve by doing better and doing more;...show
more content...
From this definition or description of intelligence we can gather that to exhibit true intelligence, there
must be a conscious state, in other words, a state or condition of self–awareness. AI is broadly
defined as anything that a computer does that we normally consider to be a human trait.
AI is the part of computer science concerned with designing intelligent computer systems, that is
systems that exhibit the characteristics we associate with intelligence in human
behavior–understanding language, learning, reasoning, solving problems and so on. Today's AI
sprung from the discipline commonly referred to Decision Support Systems, and as such, a true look
at AI can not be conducted without first taking a look at its predecessors.
Why Have Decision Support Systems
Decision Support Systems provide a valuable data repository of lessons learned. By maintaining
this data and providing real time updates, managers can help support their business choices by
looking at a history of similar decisions made by others in their positions. This does not mean that
every decision made, based on this data, will be good. However, it does help lower the probability
of a bad one. This function alone can save a company from making a small error to making errors,
which could threaten its ability to remain viable.
What types of Decision Support Systems are there?
Before we can understand the ramifications of these

This paper will give a brief definition of the term Artificial Intelligence (AI). It will take an in–depth
look at the origins and purpose of this exciting field in computer science. In particular, this paper
will discuss a few of the many subcategories of research, applications and current technological
obstacles that scientist face when developing AI. In addition, the author will look at AI's various
military specific applications for the purpose of training, target acquisition and command and control
capabilities.
Artificial Intelligence may come in many forms, but for the purpose of this paper, I have adopted the
definition from The Columbia Encyclopedia (2008), which states...show more content...
John McCarthy later coined the expression artificial intelligence while attending a summit at
Dartmouth in 1956 with a few other remarkably gifted mathematicians, psychologists and engineers.
This two–month seminar officially became the birth of AI (Copeland, 1993).
Too many variables contribute to the enormous field of AI. According to Russell and Norvig
(2009), Artificial Intelligence is broken down into a handful of concentrated smaller subcategories
for research purposes. For example, problem solving is one of the most important subcategories.
You must be able to reach your answer by starting from the beginning and reaching the end with a
limited number of steps. Researchers in this field of AI are involved with designing models with a
reasoning process that will solve complex mathematical theorems.
Game theory research allows scientists to design complex analytical programs. These programs
will give computers the analytical skills needed to optimize its chances of winning in a game
environment. In pattern recognition, scientists must solve the task of enabling computers to identify
and isolate smaller units of data from larger groups. The computer will need this processing
capability in order to recognize and select shapes, forms and configurations. The process can be
compared to a doctor's ability to

Artificial Intelligence Artificial intelligence or "AI" is the study of computer science that tries to
enlighten and to imitate, through machine–driven or computational procedures, facets of human
intelligence. Incorporated amid these aspects of intelligence are abilities to intermingle with the
natural world across sensory methods and decision making abilities in unpredictable situations
without human interference. Standard areas of exploration in AI consist of computer vision, game
playing, learning, natural language understanding and synthesis, as well as problem solving and
robotics (Noreen Herzfeld, 2003). No one has agreed on a concrete definition of artificial intelligence
, largely because there is insignificant...show more content...
Modern scientist would no longer be so called "detached" from the focus of their observation. In a
sense, they would become "participant–observers" (Schultz, 2008). Ulric Neisser published
Cognition and Reality in 1976. He insisted that the results of his psychological research should
have ecological validity. He meant that they should be generalized to situations beyond the
confines of laboratory. In addition, Neisser insisted that cognitive psychologist should be able to
apply their finding to practical problems, helping people deal with everyday issues in their work
and in their lives (Schultz, 2008). Today, the mechanical model of how the mind was believed to
work is widespread. The universe and behavioral psychology that derived from it have been
superseded by other viewpoints such as the acceptance of subjectivity in physics and cognitive
movement in psychology. The computer has emerged as a metaphor for the function of the mind in
the twentieth century. The phenomena of the computer is said to display artificial intelligence. The
storage capacity is its memory, programming codes are languages, and new generations of
computers are said to be evolving (Schultz, 2008).
Symbolic AI Consequentially, symbolic AI encountered instantaneous success in regions in which
complications might be effortlessly noticed exercising a limited sphere of influence on objects

Artificial Intelligence: An Overview
Computers are everywhere today. It would be impossible to go your entire life without using a
computer. Cars, ATMs, and TVs we use everyday, and all contain computers. It is for this reason that
computers and their software have to become more intelligent to make our lives easier and
computers more accessible. Intelligent computer systems can and do benefit us all; however people
have constantly warned that making computers too intelligent can be to our disadvantage.
Artificial intelligence, or AI, is a field of computer science that attempts to simulate characteristics of
human intelligence or senses. These include learning, reasoning, and adapting. This field studies the
designs of intelligent...show more content...
Expert systems are also known as knowledge based systems. These systems rely on a basic set of
rules for solving specific problems and are capable of learning. The laws are defined for the system
by experts and then implemented using if–then rules. These systems basically imitate the expert's
thoughts in solving the problem. An example of this is a system that diagnosis medical conditions.
The doctor would input the symptoms to the computer system and it would then ask more questions
if need or give diagnoses. Other examples include banking systems for acceptance of loans, advanced
calculators, and weather predictions.
Natural language systems interact allow computers to interact with the user in their usual language.
They accept, interpret, and execute the commands in this language. The attempt is to allow a more
natural interaction between the computer and user. Language is sometimes thought to be the
foundation of intelligence in humans. Therefore, it is reasonable for intelligent systems to be able to
understand language. Some of these systems are advanced enough to hold conversations.
A system that emulates human senses uses human sensory simulation. These can include methods of
sight, sound, and touch. A very common implementation of this intelligence is in voice recognition
software. It listens to what the user says, interprets the sounds, and displays the information on the
screen. These are

Introduction
Today, people are interacting more and more with computers. Life is running at a microchip
speed. If all computers are stopped for a day, complete civilization comes to a halt! Fifty years ago,
this might've been a science fiction, but today it is a reality. Further, with Computers being
embedded in all of our life accessories like mobiles, watches, cars, even our bodies and brains there
is no indication that this microchip speed will not be multiplied in the future.
Over the last decade, these electronic tiny minuscule signals have fundamentally revolutionized the
way we live. People are spending more hours per day with machines than humans. An amazing
...show more content...
Internet is converging all the specialized fields or colors of knowledge into one bright light. The
avalanche of new users getting online is still growing. People from all across the planet are spending
more and more hours surfing the net, especially in chat rooms, use net groups and bulletin boards.
Chat Servers are the unique platform where interactivity the intelligence and interactivity of humans
and machines coincides. There have been some heroic individual efforts to realize chat bots, which
would talk and behave like humans. If this is any indication of people's openness to talking and
sharing emotions through and with machines, then we are seeing the tip of the emotional machine
iceberg
What is Artificial Intelligence?
Definition...
Artificial Intelligence is a branch of Science, which deals with helping machines, finds solutions to
complex problems in a more human–like fashion. This generally involves borrowing characteristics
from human intelligence, and applying them as algorithms in a computer friendly way. A more or
less flexible or efficient approach can be taken depending on the requirements established, which
influences how artificial the intelligent behavior appears.
AI is generally associated with Computer Science, but it has many important links with other fields
such as Maths, Psychology,

Essay on Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence At a time when computer technology is advancing at a rapid pace and when
software developers are convincingly hawking their products as having artificial intelligence, the
inevitable question has begun to take on a certain urgency: Can a computer think? Really think? In
one form or another this is actually a very old question, dating back to such philosophers as Plato,
Aristotle, and Descartes. And after nearly 3,000 years the most honest answer is still uncertain. After
all, what does it mean to think? On the other hand, that is not a very satisfying answer. However,
with his paper: Minds,...show more content...
All the questions the human asks are responded to appropriately, such that the Chinese speaker is
convinced that he or she is talking to another Chinese speaker. The conclusion proponents of strong
AI would like to draw is that the computer understands Chinese, just as the person does. Yet, Searle
asks us to suppose that he is sitting inside the computer. In other words, he is in a small room in
which he receives Chinese symbols, looks them up on look–up table, and returns the Chinese
symbols that are indicated by the table. Searle notes, of course, that he does not understand a word of
Chinese. Furthermore, his lack of understanding goes to show, he argues, that 'computers do not
understand Chinese neither, because they are in the same situation as he is. They are mindless
manipulators of symbols, just as he is – and they do not understand what they are saying, just as he
doesn't.'
Searle's Chinese Room Argument seems to be logical initially. Yet, in a view of a system, it is clear
that though Searle himself does not understand Chinese in the thought experiment, it is perfectly
correct to say that Searle plus look–up table understand Chinese. In other words, the entire computer
would understand Chinese, though perhaps the central processor or any other part might not. It is
the entire system that matters

"Let's not kid ourselves, robots already run most of the world. We'll be their butlers soon
enough."(Brain Quote) Artificial Intelligence is the development of computer systems that normally
require human intelligence. This (Artificial Intelligence) has lead to countless short–term positives
such as "improving the speed, quality, and costs of available goods and services (Karsten and West
1). (This being said from the Brooking institution) However, as businesses continue to use Artificial
Intelligence to increase extra goods and make more money, they will replace human jobs. "Already
trending from the automation stems in part from the Great Recession, which forced businesses to
operate with fewer workers. After growth, businesses are still...show more content...
This can lead to more benefits as a business. As a result all of these combined has influenced the
way the business world works now, and will stay.
Additionally, because of businesses, jobs are being lost. Multiple studies have pointed to
businesses being lost. An example would be how "in 2014 Google was valued at $307 billion with
only 55,000 employees, a tenth of AT&T's in the 1960's (West 1)." The past may be evidence to see
a timelapse in the near future.
In a recent study(pdf), economists Daren Acemoglu of MIT and Pascual Restrepo of Boston
University try to quantify how worried we should be about robots. They examine the impact of
industrial automation on the US labor market from 1990 to 2007. They conclude that each additional
robot reduced employment in a given commuting area by 3–6 workers, and lowered overall wages
by 0.25–0.5%. (Kopf) The pace that humans are losing job is brisk. According to Matthew Rendall
from the University of Nottingham, " the U.S. and Canada have been losing jobs to offshore
competition for almost half a century. From 2000 to 2010 alone, 5.6 million jobs disappeared. Only
thirteen percent was due to international trade. About eighty– five percent was due to productivity

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