![• Artificial
• Produced by human art or effort, rather than
originating naturally.
• Intelligence
• is the ability to acquire knowledge and use it" [Pigford
and Baur]
• So AI was defined as:
• AI is the study of ideas that enable computers to be
intelligent.
• AI is the part of computer science concerned with
design of computer systems that exhibit human
intelligence (From the Concise Oxford Dictionary)
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Artificial Intelligence in Manufacturing
- 2. What is Artificial Intelligence? • Making computers that think. • The automation of activities we associate with human thinking, like decision making, learning . • The art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when performed by people . • The study of mental faculties through the use of computational models . 2
- 3. What is Artificial Intelligence ? • The study of computations that make it possible to perceive, reason and act . • A field of study that seeks to explain and emulate intelligent behaviour in terms of computational processes . • A branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of intelligent behaviour. • Anything in computing science that we don't yet know how to do properly. 3
- 4. Systems that act like humans: Turing Test • “The art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when performed by people.” (Kurzweil) • “The study of how to make computers do things at which, at the moment, people are better.” (Rich and knight) 4
- 5. Cont… • The Turing Test approach a human questioner cannot tell if there is a computer or a human answering his question, via teletype (remote communication) The computer must behave intelligently • Intelligent behavior to achieve human-level performance in all cognitive tasks 5
- 6. Cont… • These cognitive tasks include: Natural language processing • for communication with human Knowledge representation • to store information effectively & efficiently Automated reasoning • to retrieve & answer questions using the stored information Machine learning • to adapt to new circumstances 6
- 7. The total Turing Test • Includes two more issues: Computer vision • to perceive objects (seeing) Robotics • to move objects (acting) 7
- 8. Cognitive Modeling • Humans as observed from „inside‟ • How do we know how humans think? – Introspection vs. psychological experiments • Cognitive Science • “The automation of activities that we associate with human thinking, activities such as decision- making, problem solving, learning …” (Bellman) 8
- 9. Systems that think „rationally‟ "laws of thought" • Humans are not always „rational‟ • Rational - defined in terms of logic. – Logic can‟t express everything (e.g. uncertainty) • Logical approach is often not feasible in terms of computation time (needs „guidance‟) – “The study of mental facilities through the use of computational models” (Charniak and McDermott) • “The study of the computations that make it possible to perceive, reason, and act” (Winston) 9
- 10. Systems that act rationally: “Rational agent” • Rational behavior: doing the right thing • The right thing: that which is expected to maximize goal achievement, given the available information • Giving answers to questions • replicates human thought processes • makes the same decisions as humans • uses purely logical reasoning 10
- 11. Systems that act rationally o Logic only part of a rational agent, not all of rationality • Sometimes logic cannot reason a correct conclusion • At that time, some specific (in domain) human knowledge or information is used • Thus, it covers more generally different situations of problems to compensate the incorrectly reasoned conclusion 11
- 12. Systems that act rationally • Study AI as rational agent • It is more general than using logic only Because: LOGIC + Domain knowledge • It allows extension of the approach with more scientific methodologies 12
- 13. Rational agents An agent is an entity that perceives and acts Abstractly, an agent is a function from percept histories to actions: For any given class of environments and tasks, we seek the agent (or class of agents) with the best performance. 13
- 14. • Artificial • Produced by human art or effort, rather than originating naturally. • Intelligence • is the ability to acquire knowledge and use it" [Pigford and Baur] • So AI was defined as: • AI is the study of ideas that enable computers to be intelligent. • AI is the part of computer science concerned with design of computer systems that exhibit human intelligence (From the Concise Oxford Dictionary) 14
- 15. From the above two definitions, we can see that AI has two major roles: • Study the intelligent part concerned with humans. • Represent those actions using computers. 15
- 16. Goals of AI • To make computers more useful by letting them take over dangerous or tedious tasks from human • Understand principles of human intelligence 16
- 17. The Foundation of AI o Philosophy • At that time, the study of human intelligence began with no formal expression • Initiate the idea of mind as a machine and its internal operations 17
- 18. Cont.. o Mathematics Formalizes the three main area of AI: computation, logic, and probability • Computation leads to analysis of the problems that can be computed • complexity theory • Probability contributes the “degree of belief” to handle uncertainty in AI • Decision theory combines probability theory and utility theory (bias) 18
- 19. Cont… o Psychology • How do humans think and act? • The study of human reasoning and acting • Provides reasoning models for AI • Strengthen the ideas • humans and other animals can be considered as information processing machines 19
- 20. Cont… o Computer Engineering • How to build an efficient computer? • Provides the artifact that makes AI application possible • The power of computer makes computation of large and difficult problems more easily • AI has also contributed its own work to computer science, including: time-sharing, the linked list data type, etc. 20
- 21. Cont… o Control theory • How can artifacts operate under their own control? • The artifacts adjust their actions • To do better for the environment over time • Based on an objective function and feedback from the environment • Not limited only to linear systems but also other problems • as language, vision, and planning, etc. 21
- 22. Cont… o Linguistics • For understanding natural languages • different approaches has been adopted from the linguistic work • Formal languages • Syntactic and semantic analysis • Knowledge representation 22
- 23. The Main Topics in AI Artificial intelligence can be considered under a number of headings: • Search (includes Game Playing). • Representing Knowledge and Reasoning with it. • Planning. • Learning. • Natural language processing. • Expert Systems. • Interacting with the Environment (e.g. Vision, Speech recognition, Robotics) 23
- 24. Areas of AI and Some Dependencies Search Vision Planning Machine Learning Knowledge Representation Logic Expert Systems Robotics NLP 24
- 25. AI applications Robotics Robots may be one of the most well known examples of Artificial Intelligence. Robotics continue to evolve from manufacturing, medicine, security, personal assistance …..
- 32. AI applications AI In Military The U.S is spending as much 100 billion dollars to develop robots that can aid or replace human soldiers on the front line. Flight simulations and virtual environments help train Soldiers.
- 33. What’s New in AI Honda has created a helmet-like device that can read human brain waves and transmit them to humanoid robot. 33
- 34. 34 AI applications ... Web search Speech recognition Handwriting recognition Machine translation Information extraction Document summarization Question answering Spelling correction Image recognition 3D scene reconstruction Human activity recognition Autonomous driving Music information retrieval Automatic composition Social network analysis ... Product recommendation Advertisement placement Smart-grid energy optimization Household robotics Robotic surgery Robot exploration Fraud detection Fault diagnostics AI for video games Character animation Financial trading Dynamic pricing Protein folding Medical diagnosis Medical imaging
- 35. • more powerful and more useful computers • new and improved interfaces • solving new problems • better handling of information • relieves information overload • conversion of information into knowledge Advantages of Artificial Intelligence 35
- 36. The Disadvantages • increased costs • difficulty with software development - slow and expensive • few experienced programmers • few practical products have reached the market as yet. 36
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