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Similar to Ascites in domestic animals
Ascites in domestic animals
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- 2. Ascites Accumulation of non-inflammatoryfluid in the peritoneal cavity characterized by bilateral distension of lower abdomen and positive fluid waves.
- 3. Aetiology Primary causes:- ⢠Fallin osmotic pressure of blood ⢠Obstruction of lymphatic vessels ⢠Increased hydrostatic pressure in capillaries may be due to cardiac insufficiency ,congestive heart failure and passive congestion
- 4. Important aetiological factors â˘Renal retention of sodium â Renal insufficiency and liver damage. ⢠Hypoproteinaemia â Protein deficiency diet Lower protein synthesis in liver damage Loss of protein in heavy parasitic infections like haemonchosis , strongylosis.
- 5. Other important aetiologicalfactors Portal hypertension or lymphatic stasis ⢠In hepatic fibrosis, right side CHF, tricuspid valve defects. ⢠Pressure on portal vein, posterior venacava , posterior vein and large abdominal lymph vessels by abscesses, cyst, tumours etc.,
- 6. Pathogenesis Venous stasis Venous hypertension Releaseof fluid Accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity
- 7. Hypoproteinaemia Plasma colloidal osmoticpressure is decreased Increase in hydrostatic pressure Fluid escaped from circulation Accumulated in body cavity
- 8. Liver Cirrhosis orRenal damage Less kidney perfusion Release of Rennin from kidney Which act on angiotensin Release of Aldosterone Retention of more sodium in circulation Ascites
- 9. Clinical findings ⢠Abdomencircumference -increased ⢠Bilateral distension of lower abdomen- âPear shaped appearanceâ ⢠Linea alba-distended downward ⢠Flank region-hollowness with prominent spines
- 10. ⢠If animalbody position is altered fluid occupies most dependent part of peritoneal cavity causing bulging at that point ⢠Reduction in tone of abdominal muscles ⢠Dyspnoea, Constipation, inappetance ,concomittant anaemia, occasional tympany ⢠Palpation-undulating movement of fluid
- 12. ⢠Dogs andCats:- ď Distension may reach up to costal margins and lower abdominal border may touch ground suface ď Barrel shape-excessive distension ⢠Sheep and goat:- ď Umbilicus - bulged outwards ď Tactile percussion-fluid thrill or fluid waves
- 13. Subsequently animal shows â˘Weakness , sunken eyes ⢠Increased respiration and heart rate ⢠Lie down as they have little tendency to walk ⢠Engorged and prominently visible blood vessels in abdominal area ⢠Death -Primary cause or cachectic effects of generalised oedema
- 14. Necropsy findings ⢠Largeamount of fluid in body cavity ⢠Adhesions in long standing cases ⢠Pressure on visceral organs also seen
- 15. Diagnosis ⢠History:- hypoproteinaemia â˘Clinical signs:- liver cirrhosis ⢠Radiological examination:- ď Hazy ď Opaque abdominal cavity- ground glass appearance ď Abdominal organs may not be visible due to presence of fluid having high specific gravity
- 17. ⢠Ultrasonography :- ď Asciticfluid may be identified
- 18. ⢠Abdominal paracentesis:- ď Collect fluid by puncturing on midline by 14-15 gauze needle ď Fluid-clear, watery, straw colored or turbid containing fibrin, RBCs and WBCs. ď Protein content below 3.5 g/dl and Specific gravity less than 1.016
- 19. ď If milky- presenceof lecithin ď If turbid -presence of large no. Of cells ď Greenish yellow-presence of bile due to as a result of extravasation. ď Reddish- presence of erythrocytes ď Inflammatory- If >500 total nucleated cells/ml of fluid in small animals If >9000cells/ml in large animals Presence of macrophages ď In haemorrhages- PCV15-20% And Fluid clots due to presence of high prootein
- 20. Differential diagnosis ⢠Hepatomegaly â˘Splenomegaly ⢠Uterine neoplasm ⢠Urethra obstruction with enlarged bladder -rectal palpation ⢠Gastric torsion and intestinal obstruction ⢠Fat deposition In al these cases abdominal enlargement is there but fluid thrills are not felt and no shape alteration. ⢠Peritonitis- tenderness , high temp , paralytic ileus, escape of exudate in abdominal paracentesis
- 21. Treatment ⢠In hypoproteinaemiaassociated with parasitic infection ď Broad spectrum antihelmintic ď Protein rich diet-High biological value Sodium free/low conc ⢠For fluid excretion ď Diuretic therapy Frusemide-0.5-2 ml small animals, 5-10ml in large animals, I/M, once daily for 2-4 days
- 22. ⢠Removal ofexcessive abdominal fluid-in abdominal discomfort/ respiratory distress ď puncture between umbilicus and pubis close to linea alba by 14-15 gauze needle. ď never drain completely- shock ď 0.5-2ml adrenaline-cardiac /respiratory failure ⢠Antibiotics