More Related Content
Similar to Assignment 1-Structural System concerning heights.pdf (20)
Assignment 1-Structural System concerning heights.pdf
- 1. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION VII ASSIGNMENT 1: STRUCTURAL SYSTEM CHANGE CONCERNING HEIGHTS -AKARSHITAGUPTA3/18 -ANKITWALIA6/18 -BHAVYAGARG11/18 -ISHITACHADHA15/18 -MADHUMEET17/18 -PULKITJINDAL25/18
- 2. First Generation (1780-1850) The exterior walls of these buildings consisted of stone or brick, although sometimes cast iron was added for decorativepurposes. Thecolumnswereconstructedofcastiron,oftenunprotected;steelandwroughtironwasusedforthebeams;andthe floorsweremadeofwood. SecondGeneration(1850-1940) The second generation of tall buildings, which includes the Metropolitan Life Building (1909), the Woolworth Building (1913), and the Empire State Building (1931), are frame structures, in which a skeleton of welded- or riveted-steelcolumnsandbeams,oftenencasedinconcrete,runsthroughtheentirebuilding. Thistypeofconstructionmakesforanextremelystrongstructure,butnotsuchattractivefloorspace. Theinteriorsarefullofheavy,load-bearingcolumnsandwalls. ThirdGeneration(1940-present) BuildingsconstructedfromafterWorldWarIIuntiltodaymakeupthemostrecentgenerationofhigh-risebuildings. Within this generation there are those of steel-framed construction( core construction and tube construction), reinforcedconcreteconstruction(shearwall),andsteel-framedreinforcedconcreteconstruction. Hybridsystemsalsoevolvedduringthistime. Thesesystemsmakeusemorethanonetypeofstructuralsysteminabuilding. DEVELOPMENT OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
- 3. TALL BUILDING TRENDS IN 2013 Consideringtheworld's100tallestbuildingsin1990: 80 percent were located in North America. Almost 90 percent were exclusively office use. More than half were constructedofsteel. In2013,fortheworld's100tallestbuildings: Thelargestshare(43percent)arenowinAsia.(Onlyonenew200-m-plus buildingwasbuiltinNorthAmericain2013,comparedto54inAsia.) Lessthan50percentareexclusivelyofficeuse.Almostaquarteraremixed-useand14percentareresidential. Almost half were constructed of reinforced concrete and only 14 percent of steel. (The remaining are composite or mixed structuralmaterials.) A composite tall building utilizes a combination of both steel and concrete acting compositely in the main structural elements. A mixed—structure tall building is any building that utilizes distinct steel or concrete systems above or below each other.Structuralmaterialusagefrom1930to2013 DEVELOPMENT OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
- 4. A composite tall building utilizes a combination of both steel and concrete acting compositely in the main structuralelements. A mixed—structure tall building is any building that utilizes distinct steel or concrete systems above or beloweachother.
- 6. CLASSIFICATION OF TALL BUILDING STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
- 7. TYPE 1: RIGID FRAMES Instructuralengineering,arigidframeistheload-resistingskeletonconstructedwithstraightorcurvedmembers interconnectedbymostlyrigidconnections,whichresistmovementsinducedatthejointsofmembers.Itsmemberscantake bendingmoment,shear,andaxialloads.
- 8. LAKE SHORE DRIVE APARTMENTS, CHICAGO, USA 26 Stories, 86 Metres 1951 ● TYPE: Residential ● ARCHITECTS: MiesvanderRohe ● MATERIALS: SteelandGlassCurtain walls
- 9. INGALLS BUILDING, CINCINNATI, USA 16 Stories, 65 Metres 1902 ● TYPE: Commercial ● ARCHITECTS: ElznerandAnderson, HenryN.Hooper ● MATERIALS: Reinforcedconcrete, white marble, brick(clay material, terracotta(clay material)
- 11. EMPIRE STATE BUILDING, NEW YORK, USA 102 Stories, 381 Metres 1930 ● TYPE: OfficeBuilding ● ARCHITECTS: Shreve, Lamb& Harmon ● MATERIALS: Steel,Limestone, Granite,Brick
- 12. SEAGRAM BUILDING, NEW YORK, USA 38 Stories, 157 Metres 1958 ● TYPE: OfficeBuilding ● ARCHITECTS: LudwigMiesvanderRohe, PhilipJohnson ● MATERIALS: Concrete,Steel
- 13. COOK COUNTY ADMINISTRATION, CHICAGO, USA 38 Stories, 145 Metres 1964 ● TYPE: Commercial ● ARCHITECTS: PaulGerhardt ● MATERIALS: Steel,Reinforcedconcrete
- 14. TYPE 3: OUTRIGGER STRUCTURE SYSTEM Theoutriggerstructural systemisalateralload resistingsysteminwhich theexternalperipheral columnsaretiedtothe centralcorewithverystiff outriggersandbelttruss atormorelevels....The outriggeractsasastiff armengagingouter columnsandcentralcore.
- 15. TAIPEI 1O1, TAIWAN 101 Stories, 509 Metres 1999 ● TYPE: Commercial ● ARCHITECTS: C.Y.Lee& Partners ● MATERIALS: Steel, Concrete
- 17. Framed tube system is one of the most widely used tube systems. Compared to tube-in-tube system, it featured a much stiffer exterior tube in this type of system. The stiff tube was achieved through closely spaced columns connected by deep spandrel beams which are firmly joined together to make the stiff exteriorshell. TYPE 4: FRAME TUBE SYSTEM Tube
- 18. AON CENTER, CHICAGO, USA 83 Stories, 346 Metres 83 Stories, 346 Metres WATER TOWER PLACE, CHICAGO 1973 ● TYPE:Commercial ● ARCHITECTS: EdwardDurellStone ● MATERIALS:Steel ● TYPE:Mixed-use ● ARCHITECTS:WilliamW.Boyington ● MATERIALS:Concrete 1975
- 19. Braced tubes, which carry lateral loads by axial actions of the perimeter columns and bracings, are very efficient structural systems for tall buildings. ... For each complex form category, tall buildings are designed with braced tube systems, and their structuralefficiencyisstudiedinconjunctionwithbuildingforms. TYPE 5: BRACED TUBE SYSTEM
- 20. 100 Stories, 344 Metres John Hancock Centre, Chicago, USA Onterie Center, Chicago 58 Stories, 174 Metres ●TYPE:Mixed-use ●ARCHITECTS:FazlurRahmanKhan,BruceGraham ●MATERIALS:Steel 1969 1983 ●TYPE:Mixed-use ●ARCHITECTS:FazlurRahmanKhan ●MATERIALS:Concrete
- 21. Skyscraper to employ the “bundled tube” structural system, which consists of a group of narrow steel cylinders that are clustered together to form a thicker column. This innovative system minimized the amountofsteelneededforhightowers,eliminatedinternalwindbraces Tube TYPE 6: BUNDLED TUBE SYSTEM
- 23. Carnegie Hall Tower, Chicago, USA 62 Stories, 230.7 Metres 1991 ●TYPE:Mixed-use ●ARCHITECTS:CésarPelli ●MATERIALS:Concrete
- 24. This system is also known as 'hull and core' and consists of a core tube inside the structure which holds services such as utilities and lifts, as well as the usual tube system ontheexteriorwhichtakesthemajorityofthegravityandlateralloads TYPE 7: TUBE IN TUBE SYSTEM Tube
- 25. 50 Stories, 207 Metres 181 West Madison Street, Chicago, USA 1988 ●TYPE:OfficeBuilding ●ARCHITECTS:CésarPelli ●MATERIALS:Composite,Steel, Reinforced Concrete
- 26. A diagrid (a portmanteau of diagonal grid) is a framework of diagonally intersecting metal, concrete, or wooden beams that is used in the construction of buildings and roofs. It requireslessstructuralsteelthanaconventionalsteelframe. TYPE 8: DIAGRID SYSTEM
- 27. Hearst building, New york, USA 42 Stories, 182 Metres 2003 ●TYPE:OfficeBuilding ●ARCHITECTS:NormanFoster,JosephUrban,GeorgeB.Post ●MATERIALS:Steel, closedbyaGlasscurtainwall
- 29. Space trusses are three-dimensional structures with longitudinal members connected at their ends by hinges assumed to be frictionless. The loads on space trusses are applied only at the nodes or joints, thus the self-weight is allocatedforeachelementatitstwoendsjoiningotherelementsofthetruss. TYPE 9: SPACE TRUSS SYSTEM
- 30. Bank of China, Hong kong, China 72 Stories, 367 Metres ●TYPE:CommercialOffices ●ARCHITECTS:I.M.Pei ●MATERIALS:Steel 1990
- 31. Mega frame structure (also known as superframe structure) is an ideal structural system for supertall buildings, as it can provide efficient rigidity against the lateral loads with minimum amountofstructuralmaterials.Itconsistsofmegacolumnsandmegagirders. TYPE 10 : SUPERFRAMES SYSTEM
- 32. Chicago world trade center, CHICAGO, USA 168 Stories, 386.5 Metres ●TYPE:CommercialOffices ●ARCHITECTS:DavidChilds ●MATERIALS:HybridConcrete-and-SteelStructure 1973
- 33. Parque central tower, Caracas Venezuela 56 Stories, 221 Metres ●TYPE:CommercialCentre ●ARCHITECTS:HenriqueSisoMaury&DanielFernández-Shaw ●MATERIALS:Concrete 1970
- 34. It is a construction approach that places key components of a building on the exterior of the structure. Instead of being covered by claddingorothersurfacematerials,anexposedexoskeletonshowcasesthetechnicalaspectsofthebuildingbyputtingthemondisplay. TYPE 11 : EXOSKELETON SYSTEM
- 35. Hotel de las artes, Barcelona, Spain 43 Stories, 137 Metres 1992 ●TYPE:Hotel ●ARCHITECTS:BruceGrahamofSkidmoreOwingsMerrillArchitects ●MATERIALS:SteelStructure
- 37. HESPERIA TOWER HOTEL (1999 - 2006) B A R C E L O N A, S P A I N NO. OF STOREYS - 30
- 38. “ ❖ LOCATION: NeighborhoodofBellvitgeofthecityof L’HospitaletdeLlobregat,theHotelHesperiaToweristo graduallybecomeoneofthemostrecognizableimagesofthe metropolitanareaofBarcelona. ❖ TYPE:Hotelandalsoserveasconventioncenter. Stressesitsskeletonofabaseplateofreinforcedconcrete,andthatis itsgreatsignofidentity,thecircularrestaurantsituatedatthetopof thetower,whichthelocalsandnicknamed“TheUFO”becauseofits particularshape. Thecurtainwall,withprofilespaintedinastriking orangenotgounnoticedforanyone.
- 39. “ ❖ SERVICES:Thedesignfortheschemeplacesliftandservice towersattheedgeofthebuildingas‘servantspaces’,withthelower floorsofthe30-storeytowerdevotedtopublicspaceswithinan openandtransparent‘container’. ❖ SPACES:Theschemecomprisesa304-roomfive-starhotel, ● 3,000m²conferencecentreaccommodating1,800 people, ● 500-seatauditorium, ● 1,500m²headquartersfortheHesperiacompanyand ● 4,500m²sportsclub,withaswimmingpoolandgym. ● Apublicsquareextendsbelowthetowerconnectingitto theadjacentlow-risebuildings. ● Oneoftherestaurantsishousedinastrikingglazed ‘dish’locatedatrooflevel. DetaileddesignworkstartedinSeptember2000.Theproject wascompletedinearly2006,andwasformallyopenedata ceremonyinJune2006.
- 40. • Thebuildingisarrangedasan L-shape,withthehoteltowerforming theuprightofthe‘L’andthe conferenceauditoriumwithits associatedsupportfacilitiesandthe sportscentreformingthelower element,withadramatic30metre highglazedatriumconnectingthe two. • Poisedonthetopofthetower,the mainrestaurantisaccommodatedin aglazed‘bubble’withfarreaching viewsacrossthecity. • Aspartoftheplanningpermission,a 20,000squaremetreparkfortheuse ofthecommunityformsanintegral partofthedesign.Thepark incorporatesalargelakewhichis overlookedbytheconferencecentre andsportscomplexandformsalink betweenthenewdevelopmentandan existingadjacentpark. CONCEPT
- 42. • Atthelowerlevels,theexpressedstructure,consistingof30 metre-highpost-tensionedconcretecolumns,servesto visuallyliftthehotelelement,whilelendinganappropriate senseofscaletothecompositionasawhole. • Theserviceelementsareseparatedfromthemainformof thetower,formingaslenderverticalelementattachedtothe shortendoftheblock.Thesecontaintwocores,publicand private,aswellasemergencystairsandservicerisers. • Theatriumistoppedbya45degreeglazedrooftoidentify theentrancetothebuildingaswellascreatingadramatic enclosedpublicspaceatthebaseofthebuilding. • TheinteriorfitoutisbeingcarriedoutbyHesperiaownhouse architectsandfollowstheircorporatestyle. • Toppedthisblockarethesuitesandanotherstrikingfeature: aluxuryrestaurant.
- 43. ● Thehallistreatedbylargepillars inclinedsupportedbyhugepiles thatreach60metersindepth, mainlyduetothenatureof terrorism,mainlysedimentsofthe riverLlobregat. ● Thesegreatpillarsofsupport forgedtwinplants,asintermediate plantshangingfromthewroughtby amaximummetálica.Eleffortis structuralandisexpressedbya largesectionofthepillarsand metallicelementssuchasbraces betweenpillarsandconcrete jácenaspostensadasarmed. ● Fromherecomesastructureof reinforcedconcretescreensthat turnintotheblockofrooms, finishingwithanaluminumcurtain wallpaintedinorangethatgives thebuildingauniqueappearance. STRUCTURE
- 44. ConstructionoftheHesperiaHoteland ConferenceCentrewasdividedintofourdistinct phases. ● Inthefirstphase,atwo-storey,insituconcrete basement‘box’wasconstructed.Thisincluded anaturally-ventilatedcarpark,support facilities(includingakitchen),andan auditorium. ● Thesecondphasefocusedontheconstruction ofaneight-storey,concrete-coveredsteel framestructure,‘straddling’thebasement area.Thisstructureissupportedbyfourpiles, eachofwhichisfortymetreslongand2.5 metresindiameter,andhasexposedpainted steelworkbracing.Theexternalstructure providesaseriesofdouble-height, column-freeinternalspaces,inwhichsteel mezzaninesaresuspended. ● Thebuilding’smajorplantislocatedonthe eighthstorey.Thislevelprovidesastructural transitionzone,whichexternalisestheloadof theinternalstructure. CONSTRUCTION
- 46. THE ATRIUM ● TheglassatriumattheHotelHesperiaTower.The atriumcompletesthenewhotelproject.Thewhole projectiscomposedofa105mtalltower,coronated bythemagnificentglassdomedesignedand constructedbyBellapart. ● Theatriumiscomposedoftwofacadesandan insulatedlowheatemissionglassroofwithsolar photovoltaiccontrolthatwrapsarounda well-lit/clearfloorspaceof30.5mx20m.Theglass roofpartboastsaheightof10metersabovethefloor anditiselevatedatanangleof39degreesuptoa heightof24meterstoreachthe6thfloorofthe tower. ● Structureisverylightweightanditiscomposedofa gridofrectangulartubularframeworksin small-calibersteel,interiorlysupportedbya Tensegritystructuralsystem,usingprestressedstruts andcompressedbarsincirculartubularsectionsteel.
- 48. THE RESTAURANT - “UFO” Remantandothebuildingwefoundaluxuryrestaurantthatiscertainlythe mostuniquebuildingonhiswaysimilartoaUFOandapparentlythatis floatingintheairjustapolloontherestofedificioinagameofbalance impossible. Suchistheuniquenessofthiselementinthewholeofthebuildinginthecity thatmanyrefertoasthebuildingoftheUFO.Thecurtainwall,withprofiles paintedinastrikingorangenotgounnoticedforanyone.
- 49. S I T E P L A N
- 50. P L A N S
- 52. PROJECT GALLERY