Assignmentdatamining
- 1. Data Preprocessing Why preprocess the data? Data cleaning Data integration and transformation Data reduction Discretization Summary
- 2. Why Data Preprocessing? Data in the real world is dirty incomplete: missing attribute values, lack of certain attributes of interest, or containing only aggregate data e.g., occupation=―‖ noisy: containing errors or outliers o e.g., Salary=―-10‖ inconsistent: containing discrepancies in codes or names o e.g., Age=―42‖ Birthday=―03/07/1997‖ o e.g., Was rating ―1,2,3‖, now rating ―A, B, C‖ o e.g., discrepancy between duplicate records
- 3. Why Is Data Preprocessing Important? No quality data, no quality mining results! ◦ Quality decisions must be based on quality data e.g., duplicate or missing data may cause incorrect or even misleading statistics. Data preparation, cleaning, and transformation comprises the majority of the work in a data mining application (90%).
- 4. Forms of data preprocessing
- 5. Major Tasks in Data Preprocessing Data cleaning • Fill in missing values, smooth noisy data, identify or remove outliers and noisy data, and resolve inconsistencies. Data integration • Integration of multiple databases, or files Data transformation • Normalization and aggregation Data reduction • Obtains reduced representation in volume but produces the same or similar analytical results Data discretization (for numerical data) • Part of data reduction but with particular importance, especially for numerical data
- 6. Data Cleaning Importance ―Data cleaning is the number one problem in data warehousing‖ Data cleaning tasks Fill in missing values Identify outliers and smooth out noisy data Correct inconsistent data Resolve redundancy caused by data integration
- 7. Data is not always available E.g., many tuples have no recorded values for several attributes, such as customer income in sales data Missing data may be due to equipment malfunction inconsistent with other recorded data and thus deleted data not entered due to misunderstanding certain data may not be considered important at the time of entry not register history or changes of the data
- 8. How to Handle Missing Data? Ignore the tuple Fill in missing values manually: tedious + infeasible? Fill in it automatically with ◦ a global constant : e.g., ―unknown‖, a new class?! ◦ the attribute mean ◦ the most probable value: inference-based such as Bayesian formula, decision tree, or EM algorithm
- 9. Noisy Data Noise: random error or variance in a measured variable. Incorrect attribute values may due to faulty data collection instruments data entry problems data transmission problems etc Other data problems which requires data cleaning duplicate records, incomplete data, inconsistent data
- 10. How to Handle Noisy Data? Binning method: first sort data and partition into (equi-depth) bins then one can smooth by bin means, smooth by bin median, smooth by bin boundaries, etc. Clustering detect and remove outliers. Combined computer and human inspection detect suspicious values and check by human (e.g., deal with possible outliers).
- 11. Binning Methods for Data Smoothing Sorted data for price (in dollars): 4, 8, 9, 15, 21, 21, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 34 Partition into (equi-depth) bins: Bin 1: 4, 8, 9, 15 Bin 2: 21, 21, 24, 25 Bin 3: 26, 28, 29, 34 Smoothing by bin means: Bin 1: 9, 9, 9, 9 Bin 2: 23, 23, 23, 23 Bin 3: 29, 29, 29, 29 Smoothing by bin boundaries: Bin 1: 4, 4, 4, 15 Bin 2: 21, 21, 25, 25 Bin 3: 26, 26, 26, 34
- 12. Outlier Removal Data points inconsistent with the majority of data Different outliers ◦ Valid: CEO’s salary, ◦ Noisy: One’s age = 200, widely deviated points Removal methods ◦ Clustering ◦ Curve-fitting ◦ Hypothesis-testing with a given model
- 13. Data Integration Data integration: combines data from multiple sources. Schema integration integrate metadata from different sources Entity identification problem: identify real world entities from multiple data sources, e.g., A.cust-id B.cust-# Detecting and resolving data value conflicts for the same real world entity, attribute values from different sources are different, e.g., different scales, metric vs. British units. Removing duplicates and redundant data
- 14. Data Transformation Smoothing: remove noise from data. Normalization: scaled to fall within a small, specified range. Attribute/feature construction ◦ New attributes constructed from the given ones. Aggregation: summarization Generalization: concept hierarchy climbing.
- 15. Data Reduction Strategies Data is too big to work with Data reduction ◦ Obtain a reduced representation of the data set that is much smaller in volume but yet produce the same (or almost the same) analytical results Data reduction strategies ◦ Dimensionality reduction — remove unimportant attributes ◦ Aggregation and clustering ◦ Sampling
- 16. Dimensionality Reduction Feature selection (i.e., attribute subset selection): ◦ Select a minimum set of attributes (features) that is sufficient for the data mining task. Heuristic methods (due to exponential # of choices): ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ step-wise forward selection step-wise backward elimination combining forward selection and backward elimination etc
- 17. Clustering Partition data set into clusters, and one can store cluster representation only Can be very effective if data is clustered but not if data is ―smeared‖ There are many choices of clustering definitions and clustering algorithms. We will discuss them later.
- 18. sampling Choose a representative subset of the data ◦ Simple random sampling may have poor performance in the presence of skew. Develop adaptive sampling methods ◦ Stratified sampling: Approximate the percentage of each class (or subpopulation of interest) in the overall database Used in conjunction with skewed data
- 19. Discretization Three types of attributes: ◦ Nominal — values from an unordered set ◦ Ordinal — values from an ordered set ◦ Continuous — real numbers Discretization: ◦ divide the range of a continuous attribute into intervals because some data mining algorithms only accept categorical attributes. Some techniques: ◦ Binning methods – equal-width, equal-frequency ◦ Entropy-based methods
- 20. summary Data preparation is a big issue for data mining. Data preparation includes ◦ Data cleaning and data integration ◦ Data reduction and feature selection ◦ Discretization Many methods have been proposed but still an active area of research.