Asthma presentation Arjun. Ppt on asthma

Pulmonary Disease:
Asthma
A comprehensive overview of asthma—its types,
causes, clinical presentation, patient education

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Asthma is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the
airways that affects people of all ages. It causes the airways to
become swollen, narrow, and produce excess mucus, leading
to difficulty in breathing. The hallmark symptoms of asthma
include wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest
tightness. Symptoms can vary in severity and frequency and
are often triggered by allergens, respiratory infections, cold air,
exercise, and exposure to irritants. Early diagnosis, appropriate
management, and patient education are essential for
controlling asthma and preventing complications.
Introduction

Chronic respiratory disorder affecting the
airways
01
About the disease

About the disease
1-Airways are clear and open,
allowing easy movement of air in
and out of the lungs.
2-The airway walls are thin, and
there is minimal mucus
production.
3-Breathing is comfortable, with
no wheezing or shortness of
breath.
Normal airways
1-Airways become inflamed and
swollen, leading to narrowing.
2-Excess mucus is produced, further
blocking airflow.
3-Muscles around the airways tighten
(bronchospasm), making breathing
difficult, causing wheezing,
coughing, and chest tightness.
Asthmatic airways

•Recurrent episodes of wheezing, especially
during exhalation
•Shortness of breath and chest tightness
•Persistent cough, often worse at night or early
morning
•Symptoms triggered by allergens, exercise, cold
air, or respiratory infections
•In severe cases, difficulty speaking and visible
use of accessory muscles for breathing
Clinical Manifestations of Asthma

Phases
Asthma
Early phase Late phase Chronic phase
•Persistent airway
inflammation and
remodeling.
•Leads to long-term airway
hyperresponsiveness and,
if uncontrolled, irreversible
airway changes.
•Begins within minutes of
exposure to a trigger (allergen,
irritant).
•Release of mediators (histamine,
leukotrienes) leads to
bronchoconstriction, causing
coughing, wheezing, and
shortness of breath
•Occurs 4–8 hours after the
initial response.
•Infiltration of inflammatory
cells (eosinophils, neutrophils)
causes ongoing airway
inflammation, edema, and
increased mucus production.

Concepts and typology
Triggered by exposure to
external allergens such as
pollen, dust mites, or pet
dander. Involves an IgE-
mediated immune response
and is most common in
children and young adults.
Extrinsic(Atopic)
Not related to allergens.
Typically triggered by factors
like respiratory infections,
stress, cold air, or exercise.
More common in adults and
often no clear allergic
response is found.
Intrinsic(non-atopic)
Develops due to repeated
exposure to irritating
substances in the workplace,
such as chemicals, dust, or
fumes. Symptoms improve
or disappear when away
from the work environment.
Occupational

Chronic inflammation of the
bronchial walls due to
infiltration by eosinophils, mast
cells, and T lymphocytes.
Airway inflammation
Heightened sensitivity of the
airways leads to exaggerated
bronchoconstriction in response
to various triggers.
Bronchial
hyperresponsiveness
Goblet cell hyperplasia and
submucosal gland enlargement
result in excess mucus production,
contributing to airway blockage
Mucus secretion
Pathology
Structural changes occur with thickening of
the basement membrane, smooth muscle
hypertrophy, and fibrosis, leading to
persistent airflow limitation if untreated.
Airway remodelling

Risk factors
● Family History: Having a parent or sibling with asthma increases risk significantly.
● Allergic Conditions: Conditions like atopic dermatitis (eczema) and allergic rhinitis (hay fever) are linked
to asthma.
● Environmental Exposures:Tobacco smoke (both active smoking and secondhand smoke).Air pollution,
including smog and exhaust fumes.Occupational exposures to chemicals, dust, and fumes
● Respiratory Infections: Severe viral infections in early childhood can increase asthma risk.
● Obesity: Overweight individuals have a higher risk of developing asthma and more severe symptoms.
● Urban Living: Exposure to allergens and pollutants is often higher in urban areas, increasing asthma
prevalence.
● Early Life Factors: Low birth weight, prematurity, and early exposure to irritants or infections can
predispose to asthma.

Other types of asthma
● Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm (EIB): Asthma triggered by physical activity causing symptoms
such as shortness of breath and wheezing during or after exercise.
● Occupational Asthma: Caused by exposure to irritants or allergens in the workplace such as
chemicals, dust, or fumes.
● Childhood Asthma-Begins in early childhood, often linked to allergies, causing wheezing and
coughing.
● Adult-Onset Asthma-Starts in adulthood, sometimes triggered by infections or workplace
exposures, and may be more severe.
● Nocturnal Asthma-Symptoms worsen at night, leading to poor sleep and requiring careful
medication control.

Symptoms of the disease
Wheezing
A high-pitched whistling sound
heard during breathing,
especially on exhalation.
01
Shortness of breath
Difficulty in breathing or feeling
of breathlessness, particularly
during physical activities or at
night.
02
Chest tightness and
cough
A feeling of tightness or
pressure in the chest, and a
persistent cough that may be
worse at night or early in the
morning.
03

Pathophysiology of Extrinsic (Allergic) Asthma
1.Exposure to allergens
↓
2.Stimulation of B lymphocytes
↓
3.B lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells
↓
4.Production of IgE antibodies by plasma cells
↓
5.IgE antibodies attach to mast cells (causing mast cell degranulation) and basophils in bronchial walls
↓
6.Release of chemical mediators—histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins, leukotrienes (and SRS-A, slow
releasing substance of anaphylaxis)—from mast cells and basophils
↓
Chemical mediators lead to three main effects:
A. Increased vascular permeability. C. Contraction of bronchial smooth muscle
→ Spasm of smooth muscle
→ Airway edema. → Airway obstruction
→ Narrowing of airway
→ Dyspnea
B. Stimulation of mucus secretion
→ Plugging of airways.
→ Spasm of smooth muscle

Quick relief at
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Risk factors
Genetic
Predisposition:
Environmental &
Allergic Exposure:
Other
Contributors
25% are due
to genetic
and other
factors.
75% of
asthma cases
are linked to
environment
al and allergic
exposures.
75%
25%

461,000
This is the number of deaths caused by
asthma every year

200,000
Key numbers
Estimated number of people who die
from asthma each year in India.
11 mill Approximate number of new asthma cases
diagnosed annually in children worldwide.
220 mill The global number of people currently
living with asthma.

“Breathing is the greatest pleasure
in life.”
— Giovanni Papini

Monitors variability in
airway obstruction and
helps in self-
management.
Assessment of symptoms
such as wheezing, cough,
chest tightness, and
shortness of breath,
especially with triggers.
History and phy exam
Measures lung function
and confirms reversible
airway obstruction.
Spirometry PEFR
Skin prick tests or blood
IgE levels to identify
potential allergic triggers.
Allergy testing
To rule out other lung
diseases and assess
complications
Chest x-ray
Used when other tests are
inconclusive to assess airway
hyperresponsiveness.
Bronchoprovocation
tests
Diagnosis

Chest X-rays are often used to
rule out other lung conditions in
patients with asthma symptoms.
While X-rays may appear normal
in asthma, they can help detect
complications or exclude diseases
like pneumonia.
Imaging and
Asthma
Assessment

● Use prescribed inhalers
regularly and learn the correct
technique.
● Identify and avoid personal
asthma triggers (dust, pollen,
smoke).
● Follow an asthma action plan
and attend regular follow-up
appointments.
● Maintain a healthy lifestyle with
balanced diet and exercise as
advised.
● Monitor symptoms and peak
flow to detect early signs of
worsening.
What to do
● Do not ignore symptoms or stop
medication without medical advice.
● Avoid exposure to tobacco smoke,
strong odors, and allergens.
● Do not self-medicate with over-the-
counter remedies unless prescribed.
● Don’t skip follow-up appointments
or regular reviews of your condition.
● Avoid strenuous activity during
flare-ups or in polluted
environments.
What not to do
Recommendations

Treatment
Add inhaled
corticosteroids
daily to reduce
airway
inflammation and
prevent future
attacks.
Monitor response to
treatment, x
medications as
needed, and educate
on correct inhaler
technique and trigger
Ongoing
morning
ring
For persistent
symptoms, include a
long-acting beta-
agonist (LABA) or
leukotriene receptor
antagonist as
Long
acting
therapies
Controlle
d meds Start with short-
acting beta-agonist
(SABA) inhaler for
immediate
symptom relief
during an asthma
attack.
Quick
relief
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Day 4

Conclusions
Asthma is a chronic, inflammatory airway disease that, with proper management,
can be effectively controlled to allow individuals to lead healthy, active lives. Early
diagnosis, avoidance of triggers, adherence to prescribed medications, and
regular monitoring are essential to minimize symptoms and prevent
exacerbations. Multidisciplinary care, patient education, and updated evidence-
based treatment strategies are key to improving outcomes and reducing asthma-
related morbidity and mortality worldwide.

● 1.Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global Strategy
for Asthma Management and Prevention. 2024
Update.
● 2.World Health Organization (WHO). Asthma Fact
Sheet. May 2024.
● 3.Cleveland Clinic. Asthma: Types, Causes, Symptoms,
Diagnosis & Treatment. July 2025
References

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Asthma presentation Arjun. Ppt on asthma

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