Attitude

Attitude

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  Robbins, Judge, andVohra Organizational Behavior 14th Edition Attitudes and Job Satisfaction Attitudes and Job Satisfaction Kelli J. Schutte William Jewell College Copyright © 2012 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd Authorized adaptation from the United States edition of Organizational Behavior, 14e 3-1
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  Chapter Learning Objectives Chapter Learning Objectives  After studying this chapter, you should be able to: – Contrast the three components of an attitude. – Summarize the relationship between attitudes and behavior. – Compare and contrast the major job attitudes. – Define job satisfaction and show how it can be measured. – Summarize the main causes of job satisfaction. – Identify four employee responses to dissatisfaction. – Show whether there are cultural differences in job satisfaction. Copyright © 2012 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd Authorized adaptation from the United States edition of Organizational Behavior, 14e 3-2
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  GOOGLE GOOGLE  UNLIMITED FOOD  Huge gym  On site car wash  Free check ups  Free dental  Child care  Free transportation  Life insurance  25 holidays– 6 years &more  Take out meals, tuition reimbursement ,$2000 bonus – 1 year Copyright © 2012 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd Authorized adaptation from the United States edition of Organizational Behavior, 14e
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  attitude attitude  Evaluative statements – favorable /unfavorable about people, events, objects  How we feel about others  Likes , dislikes – about job Main components of attitudes:  Cognition, affect , behavior  My appraisal rating (PA) is low –  I hate my supervisor  I want to quit this job Copyright © 2012 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd Authorized adaptation from the United States edition of Organizational Behavior, 14e
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  Attitudes Attitudes Evaluative statements or judgments concerning objects, people, or events Three components of an attitude: The emotional or feeling segment of an attitude The opinion or belief segment of an attitude An intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something See E X H I B I T 3–1 See E X H I B I T 3–1 Copyright © 2012 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd Authorized adaptation from the United States edition of Organizational Behavior, 14e 3-5
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   Cognition –the description of the way things are . – Sets the affective component  Affect – the emotional segment of an attitude – I hate my supervisor  Behavior – intention to behave in a certain way – Quit the job Copyright © 2012 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd Authorized adaptation from the United States edition of Organizational Behavior, 14e
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   These componentsare closely related  Attitudes are important for their behavioral component – Positive attitude – Behavior follows attitude  Attitude follows behavior? Research by Leon Festinger – Ex: Quality of Indian Jeans..  These illustrate the effects of cognitive dissonance  Cognitive dissonance is an uncomfortable feeling caused by holding two contradictory ideas simultaneously – Attitude following behavior Copyright © 2012 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd Authorized adaptation from the United States edition of Organizational Behavior, 14e
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  Does Behavior AlwaysFollow from Attitudes? Does Behavior Always Follow from Attitudes?  Leon Festinger – No, the reverse is sometimes true!  Cognitive Dissonance: Any incompatibility between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes – Individuals seek to reduce this uncomfortable gap, or dissonance, to reach stability and consistency – Consistency is achieved by changing the attitudes, modifying the behaviors, or through rationalization – Desire to reduce dissonance depends on: • Importance of elements • Degree of individual influence • Rewards involved in dissonance Copyright © 2012 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd Authorized adaptation from the United States edition of Organizational Behavior, 14e 3-8
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  What are theMajor Job Attitudes? What are the Major Job Attitudes?  Job Satisfaction – A positive feeling about the job resulting from an evaluation of its characteristics  Job Involvement – Degree of psychological identification with the job where perceived performance is important to self-worth  Psychological Empowerment – Belief in the degree of influence over the job, competence, job meaningfulness, and autonomy Copyright © 2012 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd Authorized adaptation from the United States edition of Organizational Behavior, 14e 3-9
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  Another Major JobAttitude Another Major Job Attitude  Organizational Commitment – Identifying with a particular organization and its goals, while wishing to maintain membership in the organization. – Three dimensions: • Affective – emotional attachment to organization • Continuance Commitment – economic value of staying • Normative – moral or ethical obligations – Has some relation to performance, especially for new employees. – Less important now than in the past – now perhaps more of an occupational commitment, loyalty to profession rather than a given employer. Copyright © 2012 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd Authorized adaptation from the United States edition of Organizational Behavior, 14e 3-10
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  And Yet MoreMajor Job Attitudes… And Yet More Major Job Attitudes…  Perceived Organizational Support (POS) – Degree to which employees believe the organization values their contribution and cares about their well-being. – Higher when rewards are fair, employees are involved in decision making, and supervisors are seen as supportive. – High POS is related to higher OCBs and performance.  Employee Engagement – The degree of involvement with, satisfaction with, and enthusiasm for the job. – Engaged employees are passionate about their work and company. Copyright © 2012 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd Authorized adaptation from the United States edition of Organizational Behavior, 14e 3-11
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  Job Satisfaction Job Satisfaction  One of the primary job attitudes measured. – Broad term involving a complex individual summation of a number of discrete job elements.  How to measure? – Single global rating (one question/one answer) – Summation score (many questions/one average)  Are people satisfied in their jobs? – In India, yes. Seventy-one percent of Indian employees – surveyed are satisfied with their jobs. – Results vary by employee facets of the job. – Compensation, benefits, and incentives are the most problematic elements in India. See E X H I B I T 3–2 See E X H I B I T 3–2 Copyright © 2012 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd Authorized adaptation from the United States edition of Organizational Behavior, 14e 3-12
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  Causes of JobSatisfaction Causes of Job Satisfaction  Pay influences job satisfaction only to a point. – Once an individual reaches a comfortable level of living, there is no relationship between amount of pay and job satisfaction. – Money may bring happiness, but not necessarily job satisfaction.  Personality can influence job satisfaction. – Negative people are usually not satisfied with their jobs. – Those with positive core self-evaluation are more satisfied with their jobs. See E X H I B I T 3–3 See E X H I B I T 3–3 Copyright © 2012 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd Authorized adaptation from the United States edition of Organizational Behavior, 14e 3-13
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  Employee Responses toDissatisfaction Employee Responses to Dissatisfaction Active Destructive Constructive Passive See E X H I B I T 3–4 See E X H I B I T 3–4 Copyright © 2012 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd Authorized adaptation from the United States edition of Organizational Behavior, 14e 3-14
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  Outcomes of JobSatisfaction Outcomes of Job Satisfaction  Job Performance – Satisfied workers are more productive AND more productive workers are more satisfied! – The causality may run both ways.  Organizational Citizenship Behaviors – Satisfaction influences OCB through perceptions of fairness.  Customer Satisfaction – Satisfied frontline employees increase customer satisfaction and loyalty.  Absenteeism – Satisfied employees are moderately less likely to miss work. Copyright © 2012 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd Authorized adaptation from the United States edition of Organizational Behavior, 14e 3-15
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  More Outcomes ofJob Satisfaction More Outcomes of Job Satisfaction  Turnover – Satisfied employees are less likely to quit. – Many moderating variables in this relationship. • Economic environment and tenure • Organizational actions taken to retain high performers and to weed out lower performers  Workplace Deviance – Dissatisfied workers are more likely to unionize, abuse substances, steal, be tardy, and withdraw. Despite the overwhelming evidence of the impact of job satisfaction on the bottom line, most managers are either unconcerned about or overestimate worker satisfaction. Copyright © 2012 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd Authorized adaptation from the United States edition of Organizational Behavior, 14e 3-16
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  Global Implications Global Implications  Are Employees in Some Cultures More Satisfied With Their Jobs? – According to some studies, Western workers appear to be more satisfied than those in Eastern cultures. This may be because Westerners emphasize positive emotions and individual happiness more than do those in Eastern cultures. – Another study showed that Indian employees rated their satisfaction higher than other employees in the Asia-Pacific region. See E X H I B I T 3–5 See E X H I B I T 3–5 Copyright © 2012 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd Authorized adaptation from the United States edition of Organizational Behavior, 14e 3-17
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  Summary and ManagerialImplications Summary and Managerial Implications  Managers should watch employee attitudes: – They give warnings of potential problems – They influence behavior  Managers should try to increase job satisfaction and generate positive job attitudes – Reduces costs by lowering turnover, absenteeism, tardiness, theft, and increasing OCB  Focus on the intrinsic parts of the job: make work challenging and interesting – Pay is not enough Copyright © 2012 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd Authorized adaptation from the United States edition of Organizational Behavior, 14e 3-18