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Attitudes
The document discusses attitudes in physical education, defining attitudes as ideas charged with emotion that influence behavior, and explains how attitudes are formed through learning and socialization and can be changed using persuasive communication and creating cognitive dissonance. It also outlines methods for coaches to assess attitudes and change negative attitudes in athletes through emphasizing benefits, ensuring success, and using role models.
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Attitudes
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- 2. Attitudes – LO’s •Define Attitudes, beliefs and values • Explain the difference between attitudes, beliefs and values • Describe the Components of an attitude • Explain how attitudes are formed • Explain how to change attitudes through persuasive communication and cognitive dissonance
- 3. Activity 1 • 1group of 3, 1 group of 4 – 2 observers • 4 Tasks to complete
- 4. Write a Poemabout Sport 10 minutes
- 5. Devise an armwrestling competition and decide a winner 10 minutes
- 6. Plan a coachingsession teaching youngsters to throw and catch 10 minutes
- 7. Draw a sportsstadium 10 minutes
- 8. Discuss the task Whatattitudes did people have?
- 9. Task • In pairscome up with potential definitions for belief, values and attitudes • Decide what is the difference between the different terms.
- 10. Definitions • Attitudes –ideas charged with emotion (positive or negative) which predisposes a class of actions to a particular social situation • Belief – represent the knowledge or information we have about the world • Values – are deep seated feelings or thoughts (emotions) which form the basis for evaluating if something is worthwhile. (Culturally based)
- 11. The link…………. • Attitudesare therefore • Blend of beliefs and values • Learned via • Social environment (experience) • Provide us with a means to express our values • Attitude is a key which determines behaviour • Can have attitudes to objects, people, events or ideas • Not all embracing (can hate rugby but not all sport)
- 12. Secord and Backman(1964) • Developed 3 components of attitude (Triadic model) • Cognitve (what we know and believe about the attitude object.) • Affective (how we feel about the attitude object.) • Behavioural (how we actually behave towards, respond to or intend to respond to the attitude object.)
- 13. Applied to sport… •An athlete can show a positive attitude to sport by believing in the benefits of exercise (Cognitive) • By showing enthusiasm and enjoyment in games (affective) • By turning up to practice and taking a regular part in sport (behavioural)
- 14. But…… • Relationship betweencognitive and behavioural parts are unreliable • i.e. what you believe is not necessarily what you do • E.g. you might believe that weight training will make you stronger but you might not do it!! • Due to Affective component (male might want to look muscular but female may not!) • So quite a simplistic approach
- 15. Attitude Formation • Learning(past experiences, successes and failures) • Familiarity • Classical conditioning • Operant Conditioning • Socialisation (Significant others) • Peer groups and social groups
- 16. Positive or negativeattitudes • Positive attitudes formed: • Belief in exercise • Enjoyable experiences in sport • Being good at a sport • Excited by challenge of sport • Using sport as stress release
- 17. Positive or negativeattitudes • Negative attitudes formed: • Not believing in benefits of exercise • A bad past experience • Injury • A lack of ability • Fear of taking part • Suffering stress when taking part • Influence of others
- 18. Positive attitude towardssport • We must ensure: • See the relevance of specific fitness and practice programmes • Gain a direct experience of the fitness/practice programmes to specific activities • And that any negative attitudes are dealt with ASAP!
- 19. Changing attitudes • PersuasiveCommunication • Four basic factors; • Who is trying to persuade? • What is the message? • Whom is the message trying to reach? • What is the situation context?
- 20. Cognitive Dissonance • Challengingone or more components of an attitude causes unease in the performer which may motivate them to change attitude
- 21. Example • E.g. Youmight reject the need for aggression in your sport (Belief 1) • But in order to win against a particular team you must physically intimidate your oponent (Belief 2). • Two beliefs conflict • This dissonance is resolved by telling yourself that it’s alright to playhard against this particular opponent because they play rough too • Modification to (Belief 1)
- 22. What else….. • Coachesmay also use • Point out benefits to health • Making activities fun and enjoyable • Allowing easy initial success • Using roll models • Attributing the reasons for success internally
- 23. Changing Attitudes Task –Using your notes……….. • Look carefully at the methods used by coaches to change attitudes. • You are trying to establish a rugby league team for girls and at the first session quite a few girls arrive but are not sure they want to continue. They think rugby league is mainly for men and is too physical for them. • How can you persuade the girls to continue? • How can you change their attitude?
- 24. Attitudes and Predjudice •A prejudice = extreme attitude • E.g. Gender, race, age, officials, team • Formed: social learning, fitting in with social norms, media pressure, past bad experience, fear • Overcome – PC, CD, re-educate (roll models/media), punishment, reinforce fair behaviour
- 25. Measurement….. • Dogmatism task •Two scales • Thurstones scale • Likerts scale • Observation