![Description of components
Arduino Uno
The Arduino UNO is a widely used open-source microcontroller board
based on the ATmega328P microcontroller and developed by
Arduino.cc. The board is equipped with sets of digital and analog
input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion
boards (shields) and other circuits.[1] The board features 14 Digital pins
and 6 Analog pins. It is programmable with the Arduino IDE
(Integrated Development](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/automaticrailwaygatecontrolusingarduinouno-200115134737/85/Automatic-railway-gate-control-using-arduino-uno-10-320.jpg)
Automatic railway gate control using arduino uno
- 1. Automatic Railway Gate Control Using Arduino Uno A PROJECT REPORT Submitted by T.Selvalakshmi
- 2. Abstract As Human safety is major goal for Railways. The intention of this of paper is to achieve automatic control at the level crossings when the arrival/departure of the train takes place replacing the manual gate control. The railway gate automatically is closed when a train passes through the railway crossing. The detection of arrival and departure of train is done by using two IR sensors. The gate opening and closing is to be done using servo motors/DC motors which is controlled by Arduino Uno. Buzzers are used to indicate the closing of gate for the people who are trying to cross the gate. This system helps in avoiding the increased number of the accidents at level crossing in India. The hardware is supported by the Arduino C programming. The proposed system is more reliable and cost efficient.
- 3. INTRODUCTION In today’s scenario Railway safety becomes the most important aspect of railways all over the world. As we know the Railways is the cheapest mode of transportation, and due to manual operation, accidents are likely to happen. There are 30348 level crossings on Indian Railways across the country.18785 are man handled and 11563 are non-man handled level crossings out of 303048 level crossings. To avoid accidents over previous five years 4792 level crossings have been removed by the respective Zonal railways of Indian Railways. The Indian ministry of Railways made a decision focusing on eliminating all level crossings on availability of railway funds, which could be
- 4. . The suggest system helps in achieving the safety and to prevent accidents at the level crossings that are non-man handled. The Automatic railway gate control system can be employed under non man handled level crossing where the chances of accidents are higher and requirement of reliable operation are there. Since, the proposed model suggests an automatic system, it helps in reducing the error which is in manual operation and it will be used as highly reliable source. The proposed model suggests a design to control a railway level-crossing by servo motor/ DC motors using Arduino controller. The connection of motor is done from Arduino with the help of a motor driver for
- 6. WORKING In this proposed model we use USB cable to connect the Arduino Uno to the PC that will supply the power Arduino Uno and the sensors are powered by 9v battery. After this Supply is given to ARDUINO the servo motor/DC motor and IR sensor are controlled and interfaced through the ARDUINO. Now the IR sensor senses the arrival/departure of the Train and accordingly sets up the Buzzer to notify the surrounding/nearby area. After which the servo motor/DC motor which here is used to control the gateway system at the crossing itself takes the corresponding action to whether open or close the gateway accordingly.
- 7. CODING void setup() { pinMode(2,INPUT); pinMode(3,INPUT); pinMode(8,OUTPUT); pinMode(9,OUTPUT); } void loop() { if(digitalRead(2)==HIGH) { digitalWrite(8,HIGH); digitalWrite(9,LOW); else { if(digitalRead(3)==HIGH) { digitalWrite(8,HIGH); digitalWrite(9,LOW); } else { digitalWrite(8,LOW); digitalWrite(9,HIGH); } } }
- 8. Coding Explanation First the pin mode for the appropriate pins in Arduino Uno. Set the pin 2 & 3 as a inputs and set the pin 8 & 9 as a outputs. Then enter into the loop and write the command. When the digitalRead to pin 2 is HIGH then it will HIGH the pin 8, else it check digitalRead to pin 3 if it is HIGH then it will also HIGH the pin 8, if the digitalRead to pin 2 and 3 both are LOW then it will HIGH the pin 9.
- 9. Required Components Arduino Uno R3 L293D motor driver Lm 358 IC IR sensor Pairs DC Motor Buzzer LEDs Jumper Wires
- 10. Description of components Arduino Uno The Arduino UNO is a widely used open-source microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P microcontroller and developed by Arduino.cc. The board is equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and other circuits.[1] The board features 14 Digital pins and 6 Analog pins. It is programmable with the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development
- 11. Arduino Uno R3
- 12. Technical Specifications Microcontroller: ATmega328P Operating Voltage: 5v Input Voltage: 7-20v Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output) Analog Input Pins: 6 DC Current per I/O Pin: 20 mA DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader SRAM: 2 KB EEPROM: 1 KB Clock Speed: 16 MHz Length: 68.6 mm Width: 53.4 mm Weight: 25 g
- 13. H-Bridge Motor Driver An H bridge is an electronic circuit that switches the polarity of a voltage applied to a load. These circuits are often used in robotics and other applications to allow DC motors to run forwards or backwards. Most DC-to-AC converters (power inverters), most AC/AC converters, the DC-to-DC push–pull converter, most motor controllers, and many other kinds of power electronics use H bridges. In particular, a bipolar stepper motor is almost invariably driven by a motor controller containing Two H Bridges.
- 15. IR Sensor Module Working method When we turn ON the circuit there is no IR radiation towards photodiode and the Output of the comparator is LOW. When we take some object (not black) in front of IR pair, then IR emitted by IR LED is reflected by the object and absorbed by the photodiode. Now when reflected IR Falls on Photodiode, the voltage across photodiode drops, and the voltage across series resistor R2 increases. When the voltage at Resistor R2 (which is connected to the non-inverting end of comparator) gets higher than the voltage at inverting end, then the output becomes HIGH and LED turns ON.
- 16. Circuit diagram of IR sensor module
- 17. Working method Voltage at inverting end, which is also called Threshold Voltage, can be set by rotating the variable resistor’s knob. Higher the voltage at inverting end (-), less sensitive the sensor and Lower the voltage at inverting end (-), more sensitive the sensor. IR sensor module
- 18. DC Motor A DC motor usually means a permanent-magnet, direct-current (DC) motor of the sort used in toys, models, cordless tools, and robots. These motors are particularly versatile because both their speed and direction can be readily controlled; speed by the voltage or duty cycle of their power supply, and direction by its polarity.
- 19. DC Motor Torque is a measurement of the motors power. The higher the torque of the motor the more weight it can move. DC motors provide different amounts of torque depending on their running speed, which is measured in RPM (revolutions per minute). At low RPM DC motors produce poor torque, and generally the higher the RPM, the better the motors torque. However, in high torque, the speed may be too high for an application. That's why we have to use gears (or geared motor) to reduce the overall speed of the motor and running at the top speed to get the most power to, say, a wheel attached to the shaft of the motor.
- 20. Battery A 9V battery is required to supply the dc power to drive the Arduino Uno and other components connected to the Arduino.
- 21. Software Arduino IDE is used to develop the prototype of the software. Arduino IDE is available at the official website of Arduino. This is open source. So any one can develop anything according to their choices.
- 22. FUTURE SCOPE Though this prototype is simple to build and highly reliable but there’re some obstacles too. Rather than a train if an animal or other object is placed in front of the IR sensor the alarm will and the gate will be closed which is not desirable at all. Also other natural obstacles like fog may arise problems. There’re also a scope of alerting the nearest railway station about arrival and departure of the train. The problems indicated above can be overcome by adding some extra modules. Like we left the GSM module for future scope. After adding this module, upon arrival and departure of train, the GSM module will send an SMS to registered phone number for acknowledgement and safety. Also adding a pair of pressure sensor increases the chance of fault triggering of gate as well as alarm. After adding the pressure sensor, the Arduino closes the gate after receiving both signal from IR sensor as well as pressure sensor.
- 23. Problems Working in this project, some problems have been faced by us .The problems are given below: First of all, the value of resistances should be changed as the voltage changes with the change of light .It is very difficult to vary the resistance for the perfect operation. Another problem is IR sensor easily damages so that the operation hampers. IR sensor is light dependent sensor. It varies with the change of light so it is not applicable for all environment. IR sensor works at a certain distance .If the distance is increased the IR will not work which is a drawback of this project.
- 24. CONCLUSION Automatic gate control system offer an effective way to reduce the occurrence of railway accidents. This system can contribute a lot of benefit either to the road users or to the railway management. Since the design is completely automated it can be used in remote villages where no station master or line man is present. Railway sensors are placed at two sides of gate. It is used to sense the arrival and departure of the train. This system uses the DC motor to open and close the gates automatically when it is rotated clockwise or anticlockwise direction. The LCD display shows the speed of the train. The system can also generate buzzer while gate close. In this system, this is controlled by using ATmega328p microcontroller. Now a day’s automatic system occupies each and every sector of applications as it is reliable and accurate.
- 26. Any QUERIES??...