Automation of hydraulic structure
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Automation of hydraulic structures like dams and trash racks can provide several benefits. Dams can be automated to control gates and issue alerts based on water levels detected by sensors. A microcontroller monitors water levels and opens gates in steps to regulate water flow. When upper gates open, text alerts are sent to authorities. Trash racks can also be automated using sensors and machines to continuously clean debris. Overall, automation improves efficiency, reduces human errors and hazards, and allows remote or continuous monitoring of hydraulic infrastructure.
Automation of hydraulic structure
- 1. INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE Automation of hydraulic structure Deepak Upadhyay AHEC,IIT Roorkee En. Id- 15512011 Co No: +91-9758495784
- 2. 2 Content • Automation • Need of automation • Automation history • Dam automation • Usage of automation in hydraulic structures – Control of gates – Control of trash rack • Advantage of automation • Disadvantage of automation
- 3. 3 Automation • Automation is a delegation of human control function to control technical equipment. • Automation is the use of control systems and information technologies reducing need for human intervention.
- 4. 4 Need of Automation • Automation facilitate efficient and detailed information. • It ensures speedy recording, Processing and presenting of information. • Increased volume of work, scarcity of time and the slow manual processes need the introduction of automation. • It facilitates better quality work by reducing errors which are created on manual work.
- 5. 5 Automation History 1. Manual Control- A control is done by human labor rather than automatic or computer-aided. 2. Pneumatic Control- A Pneumatic Controller is a mechanical device designed to measure temperature or pressure and transmit a corrective air signal to the final control element. 1.MANUAL CONTROL 2.PNEUMATIC CONTROL
- 6. 6 Contd. 3. Hard Wire Logic Control- Hardwired logic control units are implemented through use of sequential logic units, featuring a finite number of logic that can generate specific results based on the instructions that were used to invoke those responses. 4. Electronic Control Using Gates- In electronics, a logic gate is an idealized or physical device implementing a Boolean function, it performs a logical operation on one or more logical inputs, and produces a single logical output. 3.HARD WIRE LOGIC CONTROL 4.ELECTRONIC CONTROL USING GATES
- 7. 7 Contd. 5. PLC A Programmable Logic Controller is a solid state control system that continuously monitors the status of devices connected as inputs. Based upon a user written program, stored in memory, it controls the status of devices connected as outputs. Inputs Outputs CPU 5. PLC
- 8. 8 Contd. Inputs in PLC • Switches- an electrical component that can make & break an electrical circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another. • Pushbuttons- an electrical component which used to make a contact like “ON” and “OFF” by using pushing mechanism.
- 9. 9 Contd. Sensing Devices • Limit Switches- an electromechanical device, are used for controlling machinery as part of a control system, as a safety interlocks, or to count objects passing a point. • Photoelectric Sensors- A photoelectric sensor, or photo eye, is an equipment used to discover the distance, absence, or presence of an object by using a light transmitter, often infrared, and a photoelectric receiver. • Proximity Sensors- a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact. It emits an electromagnetic field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation, and looks for changes in the field or return signal.
- 10. 10 Contd. Condition Sensors • Pressure Switches- A switch that closes an electrical contact when a certain set pressure has been reached on its input. The switch may be designed to make contact either on pressure rise or on pressure fall. • Level Switches- it detect the level of liquids and other fluids and fluidized solids, including slurries, granular materials, and powders that exhibit an upper free surface. • Temperature Switches- An electrical safety device that interrupts electric current when heated to a specific temperature. These devices may be for one-time use or may be reset manually or automatically. • Vacuum Switches- used for many functions in an automobile. • Float Switches- a device used to detect the level of liquid within a tank.
- 11. 11 Contd. Output in PLC • Valve- A device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. • Motor Starter- use to start the motor. • Stack Light- used in industrial manufacturing and process control environments to provide visual indicators of a machine state or process event. • Actuator- An actuator is a type of motor that is responsible for moving or controlling a system. • Solenoid- A coil wound into a tightly packed helix whose length is greater than its diameter. • Pumps- A device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by mechanical action.
- 12. 12 Dam Automation • Dam automation relates to the operation of opening and closing of the gate, valve, guide vanes and cooling of system. • The system will include water level monitoring of dam site and respective action on the gates of the dam. • Also maintaining the status of the dam is another big task. This procedure is very time consuming and sometimes proven to be helpless to save lives.
- 13. 13 Usage of automation in hydraulic structures • Gate • Trash rack
- 14. 14 Control of Gates Objective- To develop a simpler and relatively inexpensive dam automation system for operating gates and alerting people residing near river banks using GSM and microcontroller.
- 15. 15 Contd. Evolution of automation on gate- • At present the automation is done through PLC’s but using that technology becomes more bulky and it requires the knowledge about the PLC’s. • So we can achieve by using resistive-sensor, micro-controller, dc motor& GSM (Global System for Mobile communication)
- 16. 16 Contd. Block Diagram of System POWER SUPPLY WATER LEVEL SENSOR SIGNAL CONDITION ING MICRO CONTROLL ER GSM MODULE DC MOTOR MESSAGE SENT TO AUTHORITY GATES
- 17. 17 Contd. Water Level Sensor: • Two Cu plates of 2mm thickness and height 30cm are taken. The distance between these two plates is maintained at 2cm. • One of the plates is given a supply of +5v and the other plate is kept at a ground potential. • Initially when there is no water between the two plates there is no contact between them so no current flows. • As the water level rises the current starts flowing increasingly due to availability of conducting path between two plates.
- 18. 18 Contd. Here current is inversely proportional to the resistance. So when the level of the dam changes the resistance also changes. The resistance and level are inversely related to each other. So when level increases the resistance decreases. When the voltage is kept constant the current will increase when the resistance will decrease. i = v/R i α 1/R R = ρl/a R α 1/a then, i α a
- 19. 19 Contd. • Dam level measurement S.No Water level (cm) Output current (mA) S.No Water level (cm) Output current (mA) 1 00 0 12 11 6.4 2 01 0.23 13 12 6.8 3 02 0.47 14 13 7.6 4 03 1.1 15 14 8.3 5 04 2.1 16 15 9.6 6 05 2.6 17 16 9.9 7 06 3.3 18 17 10.7 8 07 3.8 19 18 11.5 9 08 4.3 20 19 12.2 10 09 5 21 20 12.8 11 10 5.7 22 21 13.6
- 20. 20 Contd. Signal Conditioning • The output of sensor is current in mA. So to interface it with micro-controller we need to digitize it. • we carry the signal in current form then convert it to voltage with simple I to V converter having suitable gain or a simple resistor can be connected to the output of sensor and voltage can be measured across it. • This output is given to the ADC for digitization. The output of ADC is fed to micro-controller for further processing.
- 21. 21 Contd. Micro-Controller • The output of ADC acts as an input to micro-controller. • Micro-controller is the heart of system. It is used for level comparison and operation identification. It compares the current level of dam with the programmed levels and decides the operation to be taken on the gates. • There are doors on two different levels of dam. The upper level door is used only in heavy rainfall, while lower door is used to regulate the water level as per the need.
- 22. 22 Contd. Opening of gates- This is sequential operation. Let a set point of 60% of dam level which water should be maintained continuously. • (60-90)% of dam level lower gate will be open in four steps. • After 90% upper gate will be open completely. Dam level (%) Gate opening (%) (60-65) 25 (65-70) 50 (70-80) 75 (80-90) 100
- 23. 23 Contd. DC MOTOR • These motors are used to drive the gates of dam .The doors are operated in steps by giving time delay. The time required to open the door completely is taken into account to decide the rpm of motor. Motor with 500rpm is enough to open the gates and close them with in specified time.
- 24. 24 Contd. GSM Module • As soon as the upper door is opened the message is fired to the authorities regarding the level and flow of water. For this we are using GSM module which is interfaced with micro-controller.
- 25. 25 Automation of trash rack Trash Rack • A trash rack is a wooden or metal structure, that prevents water-borne debris (such as logs, boats, animals, masses of cut waterweed, etc.) from entering the intake of channel. This protects water penstock, and sluice gates from destruction. • Trash racks composed of vertical wooden strakes separated by narrow gaps are very common and perform extremely poorly. Metal gratings are sturdier and can have narrower strakes, and angling the trash rack properly can allow some self-cleaning from the action of the water.
- 26. 26 Contd. Objective • Modern trash racks as used by hydroelectric plants can incorporate advanced feature as cleaning robots for their cleaning purposes. • trash rack cleaning machine shall be supplied and installed to clean the trash rack panels. The machine shall be installed at deck elevation and shall be able to operate and remove all the material carried by the flow, floating debris, wood logs, branches etc. accumulated in front of the screen. • Trash racks are designed for water velocity of around 2 feet/second (0.6 metres/second) to prevent excessive energy loss due to the head loss across the trash rack. Close spacing keeps out more small floating debris or fish.
- 27. 27 Contd. • Block Diagram of system POWER SUPPLY ELECTROMAG NETIC SENSOR SIGNAL CONDITIO NING MICRO CONTROL LER TRASH RACK CLEANIN G MACHINE DC MOTOR
- 28. 28 Advantage of Automation • Replaces hard physical or monotonous work. • Tasks in hazardous environments, such as extreme temperatures, or atmospheres that are radioactive or toxic can be done by machines • Faster production and cheaper labor costs • Automation can be maintained with simple quality checks. • Can perform tasks beyond human capabilities.
- 29. 29 Disadvantage of Automation • As of now, not all tasks can be automated • Some tasks are more expensive to automate • Initial costs are high • Failure to maintain a system could result in the loss of the product
- 30. 30 References • Mr. Abhishek S Umachigi, Mr. Santosh Yelkar “Dam Level Continuous monitoring, Controlling And Alerting System Using Gsm” Volume-1 (9-May2014) http://ijtre.com/paper/?id=2014010940 • Kuenz_TrashRackCleaning.pdf https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/169790/41011-e-rrm- internet/5 • Electrical machine by P. S bimbhra vol-7 • Trash rack cleaning machine pdf- http://www.jkspdc.nic.in/tender_files/2013/NGHEP/Trash%20Rack% 20Cleaning%20Machine.pdf.
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