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Axial SkeletonPart.ppt
- 1. The Skeletal System AxialOsteology
- 2. The Axial Skeleton •Functions as a framework - supports and protects organs in the dorsal and ventral body cavities • Contains the special sense organs for taste, smell, hearing, balance, and vision • Attachment sites for muscles that - adjust the posture of the head, neck, and trunk - move the thoracic cage for respiration - stabilize the appendicular skeleton • Joints of the axial skeleton are very strong - reinforced with ligaments and allow limited movement • Contain red marrow for blood cell production - portions of the vertebrae, sternum, and ribs
- 4. The Cranium • Theskull contains 22 bones: 8 form the cranium or ‘braincase’ and 14 are associated with the face • The cranium surrounds and protects the brains: - occipital, 2 parietal, frontal, 2 temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid - occipital, parietal, frontal bones form the calvaria ‘skullcap’ - encloses the cranial cavity a fluid-filled chamber - BVs, nerves, and membranes attached to the inner surface stabilize position of the brain - outer surface provides an extensive area for attachment of muscles that move the eyes, jaws, and head
- 5. Cranial and FacialSubdivisions of the Skull Fig 6.2
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- 9. Sutures • Immovable jointsat the boundaries between skull bones - bones firmly joined together with dense fibrous CT • 5 major sutures: lamboid, sagittal, coronal, squamous, and frontonasal
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- 11. The Adult Skull(Lateral View)
- 12. Fig 6.3d The AdultSkull (Anterior View)
- 13. Sectional Anatomy ofthe Skull Fig 6.4
- 14. Sectional Anatomy ofthe Skull Fig 6.4
- 15. The Occipital Bone •Contributes to the posterior, lateral, inferior cranium • Foramen magnum connects the cranial cavity with the spinal cavity enclosed by the vertebral column • Bone markings: - occipital condyles allows the skull to articulate with the first cervical vertebra (the atlas) - external occipital crest, external occipital protuberance, inferior and superior nuchal lines (mark attachment of muscles and ligments that stabilize articulation between the atlas and the skull), jugular foramen (internal jugular vein), hypoglossal canals (hypoglossal nerves control tongue muscle • Internal grooves follow the path of BVs and the ridges mark the attachment site of the meninges
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- 18. The Adult Skull(Inferior View)
- 19. The Adult Skull(Inferior View) Fig 6.3e
- 20. The Parietal Bones •Contribute to the superior and lateral surfaces of the cranium and form the major part of the calvaria • Bone markings: - the superior and inferior temporal lines mark the attachment of the temporalis muscle (closes the mouth) - parietal eminence, the smooth surface superior to the temporal lines
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- 22. The Frontal Bone •Forms the forehead and roof of the orbits • The convex anterior surface is called the squamous part, or forehead, ends at the supra-orbital margins - thickened ridges or superciliary arches support the eyebrows - supra-orbital foramen or notch • Orbital part forms the roof of each orbit - inferior surface or orbital surface contains openings for BVs and nerves - lacrimal fossa location of the lacrimal gland • Interior surface bears the frontal crest that marks the attachment of membranes to prevent tissue contact
- 23. Fig 6.7a Frontal (metopic)suture – during development bones form through fusion of separate centers of ossification, and at birth the fusions are not complete
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- 26. Temporal Bone • Contributeto the cranial lateral and inferior walls - contribute to the zygomatic arches - form the only articulations with the mandible and articulate with the zygomatic, parietal, occipital bones, and sphenoid - protect the sense organs of the inner ear - inferior convex surfaces form an extensive area for muscle attachments that close the jaw and move the head • Bone markings: - zygomatic and temporal process form the zygomatic arch - mandibular fossa and articular tubercle (mandible) - tympanic part surrounds entrance to the external acoustic meatus (external auditory canal) which ends at the tympanic membrane (eardrum)
- 27. Temporal Bone Markings •Petrous part surrounds and protects the sense organs of hearing and balance • Mastoid process - attachment site for muscles that rotate or extend the head - mastoid air cells (sinuses) within the mastoid process - mastoid foramen near the base of the mastoid for BVs that supply the membranes surrounding the brain • Styloid process - attachment site for ligaments that support the hyoid bone and muscles of the tongue, pharynx, and larynx - the facial nerve passes through the stylomastoid foramen
- 28. Temporal Bone Markings •The carotid canal – passageway for the internal carotid artery that supplies blood to the brain • Foramen lacerum – contains hyaline cartilage and small arteries • Musculotubal canal surrounds the auditory (or Eustachian or pharyngotympanic) tube - begins at the pharynx and ends at the tympanic cavity or middle ear (contains the auditory ossicles) • Internal acoustic meatus carries BVs and nerves to the inner ear and the facial nerve to the stylomastoid foramen
- 29. The Temporal Bone Fig6.8a,b
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- 32. The Sphenoid (SphenoidalBone) • Articulates with every other cranial bone - acts as a bridge uniting the cranial and facial bones - articulates with the palatine, zygomatic, maxillae, and vomer of the facial bone complex - also acts as a brace strengthening the sides of the skull • General shape compared to a bat or butterfly - greater and lesser wings - hypophysial fossa between the wings cradles the pituitary gland below the brain and the bony enclosure is called the sella turcica
- 33. The Sphenoidal BoneMarkings • Superior orbital fissure – passageway for BVs and cranial nerves of the eye • Optic groove – the transverse groove that crosses the sella turcica above the seat level - at either end is the optic canal, a passageway for the optic nerves • On either side of the sella turcica are the rotundum, ovale, and the spinosum foramina - carry BVs and cranial nerves to the orbit, face, and jaws • Pterygoid processes form a pair of plates - attachment sites for muscles that move the lower jaw and soft palate - pterygoid canal provides a route for a small nerve and an artery that supply the soft palate and adjacent structures
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- 36. The Ethmoid (EthmoidalBone) • Irregular shaped bone that forms part of the orbital wall, the anteromedial cranium floor, roof of the nasal cavity, and part of the nasal septum • Cribriform plate - perforated by cribriform foramina (openings for the olfactory nerves) - the falx cerebri (a membrane that stabilizes the position of the brain) attaches to a prominent ridge called the crista galli • Ethmoidal labyrinth an interconnected network of ethmoidal air cells that open into the nasal cavity - mucous secretions flush the surfaces of the nasal cavities - superior and middle nasal conchae slows the airflow to warm, humidify, and remove dust - perpendicular plate forms part of the nasal septum
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- 38. The Cranial Fossae Cranialfossa – curving depression of the cranial floor • Anterior cranial fossa formed by: - the frontal bone, the ethmoid, the lesser wing of the sphenoid; cradles the frontal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres • Middle cranial fossa is formed by: - the sphenoid, temporal, parietal bones; cradles the temporal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres, the diencephalon, and mesencephalon • Posterior cranial fossa is formed primarily by: - the occipital bone, with contributions from the temporal and parietal bones - suports the occipital lobes of the crebral hemispheres, the crebellum, and the pons and medulla oblongata (brain stem)
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- 41. Bones of theFace • There are 14 facial bones • Paired bones include the maxillae, palatine, nasal, zygomatic, lacrimal, and inferior nasal conchae • Single bones include the vomer and mandible • Protect and support the entrances to the digestive and respiratory tracts • The superficial facial bones provide areas for attachment of muscles, control facial expressions and assist in food manipulation
- 42. The Maxillae • Thelargest facial bones – form the upper jaw - articulates with all facial bones except the mandible • Orbital surface provides protection for the eye • Frontal processes articulate with the frontal bone of the cranium and with a nasal bone • Alveolar margin or processes contain the upper teeth • The infra-orbital foramen passageway for a major sensory facial nerve - runs along the infra-orbital groove passes through the inferior orbital fissure and the foramen rotundum to reach the brain stem
- 43. The Maxillae • Maxillarysinuses are the largest sinuses in the skull - lighten the portion of the maxillae superior to the teeth - produce mucous secretions that flush inferior surfaces of the nasal cavities • Palatine processes form most of the hard palate of the mouth - incisive fossa on the inferior midline marks the openings of the incisive canals that contain small arteries and nerves
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- 46. The Palatine Bones •Small, L-shaped bones (horizontal and vertical) • Horizontal plates articulate with the maxillae to form the posterior portions of the hard palate - a greater palatine groove lies between the palatine bone and the maxilla on each side - usually contains 1 or more lesser palatine foramina - nasal crest, marks the articulation with the vomer • Vertical portion of the ‘L’ is formed by the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone - articulates with the maxillae, sphenoid, ethmoid, inferior nasal concha - medial surface has 2 ridges: 1) the conchal crest, and 2) the ethmoidal crest - orbital process, forms a small portion of the orbital floor
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- 50. Sectional Anatomy ofthe Skull Fig 6.5
- 51. Sectional Anatomy ofthe Skull
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- 54. The Nasal Complex •Paranasal sinuses are the interconnected hollow spaces inside the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary bones • These spaces reduce the weight of the skull, produce mucus, and allow air to resonate for voice production • These paranasal sinuses are called the frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, sphenoidal sinus, and the ethmoidal air cells
- 55. The Nasal Complex Fig6.16a,b
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- 59. 22 Bones ofthe Skull 8 form the cranium • Occipital • Parietal (2) • Frontal • Temporal (2) • Sphenoid • Ethmoid 14 facial bones Paired bones: • Maxillae • Palatine • Nasal • Zygomatic • Lacrimal • Inferior nasal conchae Single bones • Vomer • Mandible