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![Low socioeconomic status related to Intrauterine Growth Retardation (IUGR)
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IV. DISCUSSION
Table: Statistical comparison of socioeconomic status in control and research group.
Researcher Place Number of cases Result
Nancy Hendrix et al(2008)5
Philadelphia 300 Significant*
Low JA et al(1982)6
US 164 Significant*
Neel NR(1991)7
Guatemala 306 Significant*
S Muthayya et al(2006)8
Bangalore 377 Significant*
Present study India-Udaipur 200 Significant*
*Significant p<0.01
The present study showed significant positive correlation between IUGR and Low socioeconomic
status.The study is found consistent with the study of S Muthayya8
,Low JA6
.Neel NR7
found that
socioeconomic status had a significant positive effect on birth weight
Kramer MS. (1998)9
found that In countries with high prevalences of maternal undernutrition, it is more
prevalent among those from unfavorable socioeconomic backgrounds.
Similar to our study Nancy Hendrix et al also found significant value of IUGR in Low socioecomic
group said that Placental insufficiency, in some form or fashion, is associated with the majority of cases of
intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). There are numerous causes of IUGR which are not caused primarily by
placental insufficiency, but indirectly lead to it. The causes of IUGR can be subdivided into fetal and maternal
etiologies. The fetal etiologies consist of genetic diseases, congenital malformations, infections, multiple
gestations, and placental/cord abnormalities. The maternal etiologies are categorized as follows: (1) decreased
uteroplacental blood flow, (2) reduced blood volume, (3) decreased oxygen carrying capacity, (4) nutrition
status, (5) teratogens, and (6) miscellaneous causes such as short interpregnancy intervals, race, maternal age,
and low socioeconomic status
S Muthayya et al(2006)8
demonstrates associations between educational status with IUGR.,suggesting
that better socioeconomic conditions,improved nutritional status are likely to play an important role in reducing
IUGR. In our study socioeconomic status is statistically significant factor causing IUGR
V. CONCLUSION
In conclusion,the present study reveals that Socioeconomic status,Education ,Income Level and living
conditions surely affect weight of Baby .
REFERANCES
[1]. Brodsky D, Christou H. Current concepts in intrauterine growth restriction. J Intensive Care Med. 2004; 19(6):307 - 19.
[2]. Blair E, Stanley F. Intrauterine growth and spastic cerebral palsy: I- Association with birth weight for gestational age. Am J Obstet
Gynecol.1990; 162: 229 - 37.
[3]. Barker DJP, Gluckman PD, Godfrey KM, Harding JE, Owen SJA, Robinson JS. Fetal nutrition and cardiovascular disease in adult
life. Lancet 1993; 341:938 - 41.
[4]. Park K. Park's textbook of preventive and social medicine.19th ed. M/sBanarsidas bhanot Publishers Jabalpur, India. 2007; 427 - 8.
[5]. Hendrix N, Berghella V. Non-placental causes of intrauterine growth restriction.Semin Perinatol. 2008 Jun;32(3):161-5.
[6]. Low JA et al Intrauterine growth retardation:a study of long term morbidity;Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982 Mar 15;142(6 Pt 1):670-7.
[7]. Neel NR et al; Maternal risk factors for low birth weight and IUGR in a Guatemalan population.;Bull Pan Am Health Organ
1991;25(2):152-65.
[8]. S Muthayya et al(2006) ;Low maternal vitamin B12 status is associated with intrauterine growth retardation in urban South
Indians;European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2006) 60,791-801.
[9]. Kramer MS. Socioeconomic determinants of intrauterine growth retardation. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1998 Jan;52 Suppl 1:S29-32;
discussion S32-3.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/b03120506-150201231843-conversion-gate02/75/B03120506-2-2048.jpg)
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- 1. International Journal ofPharmaceutical Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6718, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 670X www.ijpsi.org || Volume 3 Issue 12 || December 2014 || PP.05-06 www.ijpsi.org 5 | Page Low socioeconomic status related to Intrauterine Growth Retardation (IUGR) Mrs Pooja Dhabhai1 , Dr Ghanshyam Gupta2 1 (Department of Anatomy, R.N.T.Medical College, Udaipur, Raj.India, 2 (Department of Anatomy, R.N.T.Medical College, Udaipur, Raj.India, ABSTRACT- The Socioeconomic status of 100 mothers with Intrauterine Growth Retardation (IUGR) were compared to 100 mothers who had uncomplicated pregnancies. This study demonstrated that Low Socioeconomic status is associated with IUGR babies. The findings of this study suggesting that better socioeconomic conditions, improved nutritional status are likely to play an important role in reducing IUGR. KEYWORDS-IUGR, Socioeconomic status, nutrition, pregnancies I. INTRODUCTION Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is the failure to achieve the genetically predetermined growth potential and may be caused by maternal, fetal, placental, and external factors. IUGR is associated not only with a marked increased risk in perinatal mortality and morbidity but also with long-term outcome risks. Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) is an important clinical problem associated with increased perinatal morbidity (Brodsky et al., 2004)1 higher incidence of neurodevelopmental impairment (Blair E et al., 1990)2 and increased risk of adult disease, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease(Barker DJP et al)3 . In India, 30% of the babies born at term are small for dates. Under nutrition and toxaemia of pregnancy are considered to be important maternal causes for this (Park K 19th ed.)4 . II. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study in normal and IUGR cases was carried out at R.N.T.Medical College&Hospital,Udaipur, from 200 women admitted to the labour rooms of the hospital (either directly or through the antenatal wards).All the cases were within the age group of 18-40 years, of average height and weight and includes both primigravida and multigravida. GROUP 1CONTROL- NORMAL PREGNANCY 100 patients included in this group,normal Hb and urine analysis, not associated with any disease. GROUP 2 RESEARCH-IUGR CASES 100 cases of IUGR were included. Then a perfoma is made about socioeconomic status and Occurrence of IUGR III. OBSERVATION TABLE NO-I CONTROL GROUP STATUS NO.OF PATIENTS % Upper 10 10 Upper Middle 31 31 Lower Middle 23 23 Lower 36 36 TABLE NO-II RESEARCH GROUP (IUGR) STATUS NO.OF PATIENTS % Upper 1 1 Upper Middle 36 36 Lower Middle 17 17 Lower 45 45
- 2. Low socioeconomic statusrelated to Intrauterine Growth Retardation (IUGR) www.ijpsi.org 6 | Page IV. DISCUSSION Table: Statistical comparison of socioeconomic status in control and research group. Researcher Place Number of cases Result Nancy Hendrix et al(2008)5 Philadelphia 300 Significant* Low JA et al(1982)6 US 164 Significant* Neel NR(1991)7 Guatemala 306 Significant* S Muthayya et al(2006)8 Bangalore 377 Significant* Present study India-Udaipur 200 Significant* *Significant p<0.01 The present study showed significant positive correlation between IUGR and Low socioeconomic status.The study is found consistent with the study of S Muthayya8 ,Low JA6 .Neel NR7 found that socioeconomic status had a significant positive effect on birth weight Kramer MS. (1998)9 found that In countries with high prevalences of maternal undernutrition, it is more prevalent among those from unfavorable socioeconomic backgrounds. Similar to our study Nancy Hendrix et al also found significant value of IUGR in Low socioecomic group said that Placental insufficiency, in some form or fashion, is associated with the majority of cases of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). There are numerous causes of IUGR which are not caused primarily by placental insufficiency, but indirectly lead to it. The causes of IUGR can be subdivided into fetal and maternal etiologies. The fetal etiologies consist of genetic diseases, congenital malformations, infections, multiple gestations, and placental/cord abnormalities. The maternal etiologies are categorized as follows: (1) decreased uteroplacental blood flow, (2) reduced blood volume, (3) decreased oxygen carrying capacity, (4) nutrition status, (5) teratogens, and (6) miscellaneous causes such as short interpregnancy intervals, race, maternal age, and low socioeconomic status S Muthayya et al(2006)8 demonstrates associations between educational status with IUGR.,suggesting that better socioeconomic conditions,improved nutritional status are likely to play an important role in reducing IUGR. In our study socioeconomic status is statistically significant factor causing IUGR V. CONCLUSION In conclusion,the present study reveals that Socioeconomic status,Education ,Income Level and living conditions surely affect weight of Baby . REFERANCES [1]. Brodsky D, Christou H. Current concepts in intrauterine growth restriction. J Intensive Care Med. 2004; 19(6):307 - 19. [2]. Blair E, Stanley F. Intrauterine growth and spastic cerebral palsy: I- Association with birth weight for gestational age. Am J Obstet Gynecol.1990; 162: 229 - 37. [3]. Barker DJP, Gluckman PD, Godfrey KM, Harding JE, Owen SJA, Robinson JS. Fetal nutrition and cardiovascular disease in adult life. Lancet 1993; 341:938 - 41. [4]. Park K. Park's textbook of preventive and social medicine.19th ed. M/sBanarsidas bhanot Publishers Jabalpur, India. 2007; 427 - 8. [5]. Hendrix N, Berghella V. Non-placental causes of intrauterine growth restriction.Semin Perinatol. 2008 Jun;32(3):161-5. [6]. Low JA et al Intrauterine growth retardation:a study of long term morbidity;Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982 Mar 15;142(6 Pt 1):670-7. [7]. Neel NR et al; Maternal risk factors for low birth weight and IUGR in a Guatemalan population.;Bull Pan Am Health Organ 1991;25(2):152-65. [8]. S Muthayya et al(2006) ;Low maternal vitamin B12 status is associated with intrauterine growth retardation in urban South Indians;European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2006) 60,791-801. [9]. Kramer MS. Socioeconomic determinants of intrauterine growth retardation. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1998 Jan;52 Suppl 1:S29-32; discussion S32-3.