Badge des bonnes pratiques OpenSSF de la CII

An Introduction to the
Core Infrastructure
Initiative (CII)
Best Practices Badge
David A. Wheeler, dwheeler AT linuxfoundation DOT org
Director of Open Source Supply Chain Security
Linux Foundation
2021-11-08
0

Heartbleed
 In 2014, Heartbleed vulnerability found in OpenSSL
 Highlighted OSS* projects don’t always follow widely
accepted practices, which results in avoidable problems
2
*OSS=Open source software. OSS is licensed to its users in a way that allows them to run the program for any purpose, study and
modify the program, and freely redistribute copies of either the original or modified program (without royalties to original author, etc.)

OSS project practices matter!
 It is not true that “all OSS is insecure” … or that “all
OSS is secure”
 It is not true that “all OSS is poor quality” … or that
“all OSS has excellent quality”
 OSS has potential advantage (mass peer review)
 OSS tends to be more secure & higher quality if the
project follows good practices
 Good people necessary, but insufficient
 Both creators & users of OSS want good results
 What are those good practices?
 How can we encourage projects to follow them?
 How can anyone know if they’re being followed?
3

CII* Best Practices Badge
 Identified best practices for OSS projects
 For production of OSS**
 Based on practices of well-run OSS projects
 Increase likelihood of better quality & security
 Criteria designed for any OSS project
 Web application: OSS projects self-certify
 If OSS project meets criteria, it gets a badge
 No cost
 Self-certification mitigated by automation, public
display of answers (for criticism), spot-checks, and
can be overridden if false
4
** for receiving OSS, esp. license compliance, see OpenChain
* CII = Core Infrastructure Initiative

Who created & runs the Badging Project?
 Linux Foundation (LF)
 “dedicated to building sustainable ecosystems around
open source projects to accelerate technology
development and industry adoption”
 nonprofit mutual benefit corporation, 501(c)(6)
 Linux kernel, JS Foundation, Cloud Native Computing
Foundation (CNCF), R Consortium, LF Energy, …
 Core Infrastructure Initiative (CII) organized by LF
 “to fund and support critical elements of the global
information infrastructure” & created badge project
 Badging project is an OSS project created by CII
 Yes, we earn our own badge 
 In 2020 transitioned to Linux Foundation’s Open
Source Security Foundation (OpenSSF)
 CII no longer exists; may rename to OpenSSF in future
5

BadgeApp: Home page
6
To get your OSS project a badge, go to
https://bestpractices.coreinfrastructure.org/

Some OSS projects with a best practices badge
7
GNU Make

CII badges are increasingly getting adopted!
8
Source: https://bestpractices.coreinfrastructure.org/project_stats as of 2021-11-08
All
projects
Projects
with non-
trivial
progress
Over 4,100 projects participating!
Over 640 passing!
General availability May 2016

Badge levels
 Three badge levels (passing, silver, gold)
 For higher levels, must meet previous level
 Passing:
 Captures what well-run projects typically already do
 Not “they should do X, but no one does that”
 66 criteria in 6 groups:
 Basics, Change Control, Reporting, Quality, Security,
Analysis
 Silver: Harder but possible for 1-person projects
 Gold requires multiple developers
 bus factor > 1*, 2-person review
9
Source: https://github.com/coreinfrastructure/best-practices-badge/
blob/master/doc/criteria.md

Badge criteria developed to be reasonable!
 Relevant
 Attainable by typical OSS projects (esp. passing)
 Clear
 Include security-related criteria (but not only those)
 Consensus of developers & users
 Criteria & web app developed as OSS project
 Built on existing work, e.g., Karl Fogel’s Producing Open
Source Software
 Not hypocritical
 Our web app must get its own badge!
10
Worked with several projects, such as the
Linux kernel & curl, to test criteria validity

Non-requirements
 Does NOT require any specific technology, product, or
service
 Does NOT require or forbid any particular programming
language
 Sometimes includes tips
 Exception: Expect projects to have a web page with TLS
 NEVER requires proprietary software or service
 You may use or depend on it
 Does NOT cost anything
 Does NOT “take over your project”
 Does NOT require doing everything immediately
 Some projects have immediately earned a badge
 Most projects try for a badge, find some things missing, &
gradually work to fix those issues
11

Sample passing badge criteria (yes, they’re
reasonable)
 “The project website MUST succinctly describe what the software
does (what problem does it solve?).” [description_good]
 “The project MUST use at least one automated test suite that is
publicly released as FLOSS (this test suite may be maintained as a
separate FLOSS project).” [test]
 “At least one static code analysis tool MUST be applied to any
proposed major production release of the software before its
release, if there is at least one FLOSS tool that implements this
criterion in the selected language.” [static_analysis]
 “The project sites (website, repository, and download URLs) MUST
support HTTPS using TLS.” [sites_https]
 “The project MUST publish the process for reporting vulnerabilities
on the project site.” [vulnerability_report_process]
12
*FLOSS=Free/Libre/Open source software
Available in English, Chinese, French, German, Japanese, & Russian
Each criterion has a unique id; each id shown here in brackets

Badge scoring system
 To obtain a badge, all:
 MUST and MUST NOT criteria (42/66*) must be met
 SHOULD (10/66*) met, OR unmet with justification
 Users can see those justifications & decide if that’s enough
 SUGGESTED (14/66*) considered (met or unmet)
 People don’t like admitting they didn’t do something
 In some cases, URL required in justification (to point
to evidence; 8/66* require this)
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* For the passing badge

Miscellaneous info
 Badging web application has automation
 Automatically examines projects on creation/edits
 Fills in some info & rejects obviously incorrect
 Some larger organizations require badging
 Open Network Automation Platform (ONAP)
 Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF)
graduation requirement
 Supports easy display of badge info
 GitHub-style badge for README
 REST API & CORS for easy display of info
14
For details, see (ONAP) https://wiki.onap.org/display/DW/CII+Badging+Program
(CNCF graduation) https://www.cncf.io/projects/graduation-criteria/
(Dashboard example) https://landscape.cncf.io/selected=kubernetes

Sample improvements of CII badge process
 OWASP ZAP (web app scanner)
 Simon Bennetts: “[it] helped us improve ZAP quality… [it] helped
us focus on [areas] that needed most improvement.”
 Change: Significantly improved automated testing
 CommonMark (Markdown in PHP) changes:
 TLS for the website (& links from repository to it)
 Publishing the process for reporting vulnerabilities
 JSON for Modern C++
 “I really appreciate some formalized quality assurance which
even hobby projects can follow.”
 Change: Added explicit mention of how to privately report errors
 Change: Added a static analysis check to continuous integration
script
15
Source: https://github.com/coreinfrastructure/best-practices-badge/wiki/Impacts

Improvements to Home Edge project (LF Edge)
 Improved documentation:
 Security and Testing policy
 How to Contribute Guide
 Descriptions (of) External APIs
 Improved the build and testing system
 CI infrastructures: Github->Actions - 20 checks
 Integration of external software tools for code analysis:
 gofmt - 92%;
 go_vet - 100%;
 golint – 76%;
 SonarCloud: Security Hotspots – 37 -> 0; Code Smells – 253 -> 50;
Duplications – 7.8% -> 2.3%
 Improved security analysis:
 Integrated CodeQL Analysis, LGTM services:
17 → 0 Security Alerts
 Recommended that “the main thing is to start”
16
Source: LF Edge Technical Advisory Council (TAC) meeting, March 10, 2021,
https://wiki.lfedge.org/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=1671298
#TechnicalAdvisoryCouncil(TAC)-PreviousTACCalls-MeetingSlidesandRecordings

Conclusions
 Involved in an OSS project? Get a badge!
 Start here: https://bestpractices.coreinfrastructure.org
 Don’t need to do “everything at once” – just start!
 Questions? Email or create an issue
 Prefer using OSS from projects using best practices
 They are trying to “do the right thing”
 You want to use OSS from projects like that!
 CII best practices badge helps identify those projects
 Criteria need additions/refinements? Translations?
 Let us know, we’re also an OSS project
 More info:
 https://github.com/coreinfrastructure/best-practices-badge
 https://github.com/coreinfrastructure/best-practices-
badge/wiki/Videos
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Get or check on badges at:
https://bestpractices.coreinfrastructure.org

Many projects working towards silver & gold
19
Progress
to silver
Progress
to gold
Source: https://bestpractices.coreinfrastructure.org/project_stats?type=uncommon as of 2021-03-15
130 projects are halfway or better,
including 18 projects with silver
33 projects are halfway or better,
including 7 projects with gold

Some communities encouraging badges
 Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF)*
 Maturity levels: Sandbox → incubating → graduated
 For graduated level must “have achieved and
maintained a CII Best Practices Badge.”
 Containerd graduated, has passing badge
 R community discussing recommending badges
 2018 survey:
 90% believe badge will provide value to the R community’s
package developers or package users
 77% saying it has benefit for both developers and users
 74% would be willing to try it
 Multiple R packages tried it out & began working
towards badges as part of discussion
 DBI passing
 Close to passing include ggplot2, covr, dodgr, netReg
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Sources: CNCF Graduation Criteria v1.2
https://github.com/cncf/toc/blob/master/process/graduation_criteria.adoc
“Should R Consortium Recommend CII Best Practices Badge for R Packages: Latest Survey Results” https://www.r-
consortium.org/blog/2018/07/26/should-r-consortium-recommend-cii-best-practices-badge-for-r-packages-latest-survey-results

Remote access enabled
 Can easily embed current badge image
 <img src="https://bestpractices.coreinfrastructure.
org/projects/PROJECT_NUMBER/badge">
 Easily shows current state on GitHub, etc.
 REST API enables easy JSON data access
 Including project database download for analysis
 See https://github.com/coreinfrastructure/best-
practices-badge/blob/master/doc/api.md
 Cross Origin Resource Sharing (CORS)
 Enables data access from client-side JavaScript
 E.g., for fancy client-side dashboards
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Example: CNCF landscape
 CNCF landscape <https://landscape.cncf.io/>
easily accesses badge data
22

Sample impacts of CII badge process (1 of 2)
 OWASP ZAP (web app scanner)
 Simon Bennetts: “[it] helped us improve ZAP quality… [it] helped us
focus on [areas] that needed most improvement.”
 Change: Significantly improved automated testing
 CommonMark (Markdown in PHP) changes:
 TLS for the website (& links from repository to it)
 Publishing the process for reporting vulnerabilities
 OPNFV (open network functions virtualization)
 Change: Replaced no-longer-secure crypto algorithms
 JSON for Modern C++
 “I really appreciate some formalized quality assurance which even
hobby projects can follow.”
 Change: Added explicit mention how to privately report errors
 Change: Added a static analysis check to continuous integration script
23

Sample impacts of CII badge process (2 of 2)
 BRL-CAD
 Probably would have taken an hour uninterrupted, getting to 100%
passing was relatively easy
 Website certificate didn’t match our domain, fixed
 POCO C++ Libraries
 “... thank you for setting up the best practices site. It was really helpful
for me in assessing the status…”
 Updated the CONTRIBUTING.md file to include a statement on
reporting security issues
 Updated the instructions for preparing a release in the Wiki to include
running clang-analyzer
 Enabled HTTPS for the project website
 GNU Make
 HTTPS. Convinced Savannah to support HTTPS for repositories (it
supported HTTPS for project home pages)
24

Sample clarifications
 vulnerabilities_fixed_60_days (PR #1188)
 “There MUST be no unpatched vulnerabilities of medium or high
severity that have been publicly known for more than 60 days.”
 Added: “… this badge criterion, like other criteria, applies to the
individual project. Some projects are part of larger umbrella… An
individual project often cannot control the rest, but an individual
project can work to release a vulnerability patch in a timely way.”
 hardened_site (PR #1187)
 “The project website, repository (if accessible via the web), and
download site (if separate) MUST include key hardening
headers… [GitHub is known to meet this]”
 Added: “Static web sites with no ability to log in via the web
pages may omit the CSP and X-XSS-Protection HTTP
hardening headers, because in that situation those headers are
less effective.”
25

Most common challenges for getting a badge
 All projects 90%+ but not passing (2019-03-07)
 265 projects. MUST with Unmet or “?” => Top 10 challenges:
26
# Criterion %miss Old rank#
1 vulnerability_report_process 21% 1
2 tests_are_added 17% 3
3 vulnerability_report_private 15% 4
4 know_secure_design 13% 9
5 vulnerabilities_fixed_60_days 13% 24
6 test_policy 13% 5
7 know_common_errors 13% 7
8 static_analysis 11% 8
9 static_analysis_fixed 11% 21
10 sites_https 9% 2
This data is as of
2019-03-07,
old rank from
2017-09-06
Analysis
Vulnerability
reporting
Tests
HTTPS
Know
secure
development
Mostly same challenges as 2017-09-06. HTTPS becoming less of a problem,
dropped from #2 to #10. Unclear why fixing things has become bigger problem..!
Fixing

Tests
 Criteria
 #1 The project MUST have evidence that such tests are being
added in the most recent major changes to the project.
[tests_are_added]
 #4 The project MUST have a general policy (formal or not) that
as major new functionality is added, tests of that functionality
SHOULD be added to an automated test suite. [test_policy]
 Automated testing is important
 Quality, supports rapid change, supports updating dependencies
when vulnerability found
 No coverage level required – just get started
27

Vulnerability reporting
 Criteria
 #2 “The project MUST publish the process for reporting
vulnerabilities on the project site.” [vulnerability_report_process]
 #8 “If private vulnerability reports are supported, the project
MUST include how to send the information in a way that is kept
private.” [vulnerability_report_private]
 Just tell people how to report!
 In principle easy to do – but often omitted
 Projects need to decide how
28

HTTPS
 #3 “The project sites (website, repository, and download
URLs) MUST support HTTPS using TLS.” [sites_https]
 Details:
 You can get free certificates from Let's Encrypt.
 Projects MAY implement this criterion using (for example)
GitHub pages, GitLab pages, or SourceForge project pages.
 If you are using GitHub pages with custom domains, you MAY
use a content delivery network (CDN) as a proxy to support
HTTPS.
 We’ve been encouraging hosting systems to support
HTTPS
29

Analysis
 #5 “At least one static code analysis tool MUST be
applied to any proposed major production release of the
software before its release, if there is at least one
FLOSS tool that implements this criterion in the selected
language.” [static_analysis]
 A static code analysis tool examines the software code (as
source code, intermediate code, or executable) without
executing it with specific inputs.
 #6 “All medium and high severity exploitable
vulnerabilities discovered with dynamic code analysis
MUST be fixed in a timely way after they are confirmed.”
[dynamic_analysis_fixed]
 Early versions didn’t allow “N/A”; this has been fixed.
30

Know secure development
 Criteria
 #8 “The project MUST have at least one primary developer who
knows how to design secure software.” [know_secure_design]
 #9 “At least one of the primary developers MUST know of
common kinds of errors that lead to vulnerabilities in this kind of
software, as well as at least one method to counter or mitigate
each of them.” [know_common_errors]
 Specific list of requirements given – doesn’t require
“know everything”
 Perhaps need short “intro” course material?
31

Documentation
 #10 “The project MUST include reference documentation that
describes its external interface (both input and output).”
[documentation_interface]
 Some OSS projects have good documentation – but some do not
32

Application security: Using an assurance case
 We want applications to be generally secure
 However, security:
 Can’t be directly measured (“how many kilograms”)
 Is an emergent property (totality of components)
 Is often a negative property (“never does X”)
 How can you know “we’ve done enough”?
 “Did long list of things” doesn’t provide confidence
 How do you know those were the right things?
 Must be able to justify & refine later
 Must avoid breaking the bank
 Useful approach: an “assurance case”
 Starts with the overall goal
 Repeatedly break the goal into smaller parts
 Not complicated – keeps track of what needs to be done
 Pattern we’ve used may be useful to you too!
33

Assurance case: Top level (figure 1)
34
Assets &
threat actors
identified &
addressed
System is adequately
secure against moderate
threats
Confidentiality Integrity Availability
Security implemented in
all software
development processes
Security requirements
identified and met by
functionality
Security implemented by
software life cycle processes
See next figure
Access
control
Identifi-
cation
Authenti-
cation
Authori-
zation
Fill in the more specific
requirements, then the
arguments of why they are
met (design, implementation,
verification,…) – but
avoid repetition

Assurance case: Next level (partial figure 2)
35
…
Not a waterfall-
These are
processes, not
phases

Life cycle technical processes (figure 2)
36
Verification:
many tools
Design:
Esp.
attack
model +
Saltzer
& Schr-
oeder
principle
s

Security in implementation (figure 3)
37
All
OWASP
top 10
(2013 &
2017)
countered
Entire most-
relevant security
guide applied
Hardening
applied
Hardened
outugoing HTTP
headers, including
restrictive CSP
Incoming
rate
limits
Force
HTTPS,
including
via HSTS
CSRF
token
harden-
ing
Outgoing
email
rate limit
1. Injection (incl.
SQL injection)
2. Auth &
session
3. XSS
4. Insecure
object references
5. Security
misconfiguration
6. Sensitive data
exposure
7. Missing
access control
8. CSRF
9. Known
vulnerabilities
10. Unvali-
dated
redirect/fwd
See securely reuse
(supply chain)
See security guide applied
Most implementation
vulnerabilities are due to
common types of
implementation errors or
common misconfigurations,
so countering them greatly
reduces security risks
Reduce/eliminate
impact if defect exists
All of the most
common important
implementation
vulnerability types
(weaknesses)
countered
All of the most common
known security-relevant
misconfiguration errors
countered
11. XXE (2017 A4)
12. Insecure
deserialization
(2017 A8)
13. Insufficient
logging and
,onitoring (2017
A10)
Encrypted
email
addresses
Cookie
limits
Securely
reuse
Review before use
Get authentic
version
Use package
manager
Security in
implementation
OWASP
Top 10 Web
hardening,
esp. CSP
Reuse/
Supply
chain

BadgeApp dependencies and security
 Tiny amount of new code in our system…
 Because almost all code is reused
 Direct dependencies = 75 gems
 Direct AND indirect dependencies = 197 gems
 Plus OS, language runtime, RDBMS, etc.
 Today a key security concern for most projects is
vulnerabilities through their dependencies
 Minimize dependencies, ask them to minimize their run-time
dependencies, sanity check of direct dependencies
 Package manager: Track what we have, trivially update
packages
 Dependency tools*: detect & report packages with known
vulnerabilities (GitHub + bundle audit)
 Thorough automated tests: enable quick update, test, & ship to
production (we have 100% coverage)
 Other measures, esp. hardening (such as CSP), reduce risk in
meantime
38
* Origin analysis / software composition analysis tools

Got on Hacker News (HN)!
 Badge-related post got on Hacker News front page on 2018-10-06
 “Certainly not knocking on the badge or the practices…I just found it
amusing that PHP often gets a bad rap, but then shows up at the top of
the listed projects for objectively good development practices.” -
reindeerer
 “I just found and read through the criteria list. It's mind-bogglingly
exhaustive, but in a very good way, and an excellent catalyst for
maintainable, secure software. I'd regard it as universally applicable
to any and all code.” – exikyut
 “Lots of self-proclaimed ‘experts’ love to say ‘do X and Y and Z and you
will be successful because these are best practices’, but it's all a bunch
of snake oil… ‘Best practices are best not practiced.’” – userbinator,
dissenting, but then downvoted & replied to…
 “Best practices are a bit like good genes. [They’re] by no means a
guarantee of success, fame, glory and riches, but damn if they don't
make things easier.” - reindeerer
 “I see absolutely nothing dogmatic or cargo cult about the
recommendations they make. They are completely sensible, and a
decent guideline for improving the technical support infrastructure of a
project.” - throwaway2048
39
Source: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=18157494

Natural languages supported
 English (en)
 Chinese (Simplified) / 简体中文 (zh-CN)
 French / Français (fr)
 German / Deutsch (de)
 Japanese / 日本語 (ja)
 Russian / Русский (ru)
 In progress:
 Spanish (es), Swahili (sw), Brazilian Portuguese (pt-BR)
40
Even if you can’t understand the detailed justifications,
you can see the criteria & claimed answers
Our sincere thanks to
all our hard-working
translators!!
Help wanted!

Open source software
 OSS: software licensed to users with these freedoms:
 to run the program for any purpose,
 to study and modify the program, and
 to freely redistribute copies of either the original or modified
program (without royalties to original author, etc.)
 Original term: “Free software” (confused with no-price)
 Other synonyms: libre sw, free-libre sw, FOSS, FLOSS
 Antonyms: proprietary software, closed software
 Widely used; OSS #1 or #2 in many markets
 “… plays a more critical role in the DoD than has generally been
recognized.” [MITRE 2003]
 OSS almost always commercial by law & regulation
 Software licensed to general public & has non-government use
 commercial software (in US law, per 41 USC 403)
41

Statistics about the criteria themselves
42
Level Total
active
MUST SHOULD SUGG-
ESTED
Allow
N/A
Met
justifi-
cation or
URL
required
Includes
details
New at
this level
Passing 66 42 10 14 27 9 48 66
Silver 55 44 10 1 39 54 38 48
Gold 23 21 2 0 9 21 15 14
Source: https://bestpractices.coreinfrastructure.org/criteria
as of 2017-09-10
There are not a lot of gold criteria, but they’re challenging.

Passing criteria categories and examples (1)
1. Basics
 The software MUST be released as FLOSS*. [floss_license]
 It is SUGGESTED that any required license(s) be approved by
the Open Source Initiative (OSI). [floss_license_osi]
2. Change Control
 The project MUST have a version-controlled source repository
that is publicly readable and has a URL. [repo_public]
 Details: The URL MAY be the same as the project URL. The project
MAY use private (non-public) branches in specific cases while the
change is not publicly released (e.g., for fixing a vulnerability before
it is revealed to the public).
3. Reporting
 The project MUST publish the process for reporting
vulnerabilities on the project site. [vulnerability_report_process]
43
*FLOSS=Free/Libre/Open Source Software

4. Quality
 If the software requires building for use, the project MUST
provide a working build system that can automatically rebuild
the software from source code. [build]
 The project MUST have at least one automated test suite that
is publicly released as FLOSS (this test suite may be
maintained as a separate FLOSS project). [test]
 The project MUST have a general policy (formal or not) that as
major new functionality is added, tests of that functionality
SHOULD be added to an automated test suite. [test_policy]
 The project MUST enable one or more compiler warning flags,
a "safe" language mode, or use a separate "linter" tool to look
for code quality errors or common simple mistakes, if there is
at least one FLOSS tool that can implement this criterion in the
selected language. [warnings]
44

5. Security
 At least one of the primary developers MUST know of common
kinds of errors that lead to vulnerabilities in this kind of
software, as well as at least one method to counter or mitigate
each of them. [know_common_errors]
 The project's cryptographic software MUST use only
cryptographic protocols and algorithms that are publicly
published and reviewed by experts. [crypto_published]
 The project MUST use a delivery mechanism that counters
MITM attacks. Using https or ssh+scp is acceptable.
[delivery_mitm]
 There MUST be no unpatched vulnerabilities of medium or
high severity that have been publicly known for more than 60
days. [vulnerabilities_fixed_60_days]
45

6. Analysis
 At least one static code analysis tool MUST be applied to any
proposed major production release of the software before its
release, if there is at least one FLOSS tool that implements this
criterion in the selected language… [static_analysis]
 It is SUGGESTED that the {static code analysis} tool include
rules or approaches to look for common vulnerabilities in the
analyzed language or environment.
[static_analysis_common_vulnerabilities]
 It is SUGGESTED that at least one dynamic analysis tool be
applied to any proposed major production release of the
software before its release. [dynamic_analysis]
46

Silver: Sample criteria (1 of 2)
 The project MUST clearly define and document its project
governance model (the way it makes decisions, including key roles).
[governance]
 The project MUST be able to continue with minimal interruption if
any one person is incapacitated or killed… [you] MAY do this by
providing keys in a lockbox and a will providing any needed legal
rights (e.g., for DNS names). [access_continuity]
 The project MUST have FLOSS automated test suite(s) that provide
at least 80% statement coverage if there is at least one FLOSS tool
that can measure this criterion in the selected language.
[test_statement_coverage80]
 The project MUST automatically enforce its selected coding style(s)
if there is at least one FLOSS tool that can do so in the selected
language(s). [coding_standards_enforced]
 The project MUST implement secure design principles (from
"know_secure_design"), where applicable…
[implement_secure_design] 47

Silver: Sample criteria (2 of 2)
 The project results MUST check all inputs from potentially untrusted
sources to ensure they are valid (a whitelist), and reject invalid
inputs, if there are any restrictions on the data at all.
[input_validation]
 The project MUST cryptographically sign releases of the project
results intended for widespread use, and there MUST be a
documented process explaining [how to] obtain the public signing
keys and verify the signature(s)… [signed_releases]
 The project MUST provide an assurance case that justifies why its
security requirements are met. [It MUST…] [assurance_case]
 The project MUST use at least one static analysis tool … to look for
common vulnerabilities… , if there is at least one FLOSS tool that
can… [static_analysis_common_vulnerabilities]
 Projects MUST monitor or periodically check their external
dependencies (including convenience copies) to detect known
vulnerabilities, and fix exploitable vulnerabilities or verify them as
unexploitable. [dependency_monitoring] 48

Gold: Sample criteria
 The project MUST require two-factor authentication (2FA) for
developers for changing a central repository or accessing sensitive
data (such as private vulnerability reports)… [require_2FA]
 The project MUST have at least 50% of all proposed modifications
reviewed before release by a person other than the author…
[two_person_review]
 The project MUST have a "bus factor" of 2 or more. [bus_factor]
 The project MUST have a reproducible build… [build_reproducible]
 The project MUST apply at least one dynamic analysis tool to any
proposed major production release of the software before its release.
[dynamic_analysis]
 The project MUST have performed a security review within the last 5
years. This review MUST consider the security requirements and
security boundary. [security_review]
 Hardening mechanisms MUST be used in the software produced by the
project so that software defects are less likely to result in security
vulnerabilities. [hardening]
49

Key URLs
 CII best practices badge (get a badge):
 https://bestpractices.coreinfrastructure.org/
 CII best practices badge project:
 https://github.com/coreinfrastructure/best-practices-
badge
50
My thanks to the many who reviewed or helped develop the badging criteria and/or the software to implement it. This includes:
Mark Atwood, Tod Beardsley, Doug Birdwell, Alton(ius) Blom, Hanno Böck, enos-dandrea, Jason Dossett, David Drysdale,
Karl Fogel, Alex Jordan (strugee), Sam Khakimov, Greg Kroah-Hartman, Dan Kohn, Charles Neill (cneill), Mark Rader, Emily
Ratliff, Tom Ritter, Nicko van Someren, Daniel Stenberg (curl), Marcus Streets, Trevor Vaughan, Dale Visser, Florian Weimer

Involved in OSS?
 If you lead an OSS project, what you do matters!
 People depend on the software you create
 The practices you apply affect the result
 Secure or quality software is not an accident
 Please try to get a badge, & show when you have it
 If you’re considering using an OSS project
 Check on the project – should you use it?
51

Release of presentation
 This presentation is released under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 or
later (CC-BY-3.0+)
 Credits
 Older versions were developed by the Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA);
thank you!
52

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