![History of Ballistics [Before Gun Powder Age]
Proper History of Ballistics starts from BC, Where archers played a proper role
in aiming distant targets.
Later catapults (used for demolition of high walls and to break up the army
forces) used the Ballistics for distant shoots, which requires the angular
levitation and string force of the stone holder.
In combats, calculations are necessary for aiming which are so complex in
overcoming the air resistance and gravity concept, the solution needs to be
fast, which later evolved as “Ballistic coefficient”.
3](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sqwylykrbqgdghmgk3oa-signature-978e99cc417059dbbb4566f7e27f1597a0918ec9284c15235037b23c81a7bfc4-poli-150413000306-conversion-gate01/85/Ballistic-computer-6-320.jpg)
![History of Ballistics [Galileo’s period]
Galileo’s role in Ballistics is prominent at ages, which centres
around a basic statement of projectiles later led to “Ballistics
Theory”.
“When a projectile is carried in motion
compounded from equable horizontal
and from naturally accelerated downward
[motions], it describes a semi-parabolic
line in its movement.”
-Galileo Galilei
4](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sqwylykrbqgdghmgk3oa-signature-978e99cc417059dbbb4566f7e27f1597a0918ec9284c15235037b23c81a7bfc4-poli-150413000306-conversion-gate01/85/Ballistic-computer-7-320.jpg)
![Galileo’s Theory
on Ballistics
Galileo performed experiments on motion of heavy
bodies, which culminates law of falling bodies (in - vacuum)
and parabolic path of a projectile
He recognized the role of air resistance in causing
“deformation in the [parabolic] path of a projectile”.
He assumed parabolic theory still valid for low and high-
velocity mortar ballistics, and included range tables in
Discourses.
His research led to the invention of Galileo scale, which
helped the catapults in aiming with proper inclination.
Later the theory was considered as flaw at the advent of
‘cordite’ the now called Gun Powder.
5](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sqwylykrbqgdghmgk3oa-signature-978e99cc417059dbbb4566f7e27f1597a0918ec9284c15235037b23c81a7bfc4-poli-150413000306-conversion-gate01/85/Ballistic-computer-8-320.jpg)
![History of Ballistics [After Gun Powder Age]
In retrospect various theories served the purpose of heavy artillery ballistics,
but as it comes to light artilleries neither of them served the purpose.
So an emergence of theory is necessary to compensate ambient forces like
frictional laws, flight time of the object, aerodynamic laws came to have more
significance.
In the start musketeers and riflers used short range attacks, as its inaccurate for
distant shoots because of the bullet velocity when it leaves into air from the
barrel’s muzzle.
Later with the advancements in technology these limitations are solved with
several aspects like increasing the blast strength, confining gunpowder in a
bullet, barrel shape etc.;
6](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sqwylykrbqgdghmgk3oa-signature-978e99cc417059dbbb4566f7e27f1597a0918ec9284c15235037b23c81a7bfc4-poli-150413000306-conversion-gate01/85/Ballistic-computer-9-320.jpg)
![Advantages of Ballistic Computer in artillery
Ballistic computer simplified the approach to Internal and External study of ballistics.
External Ballistics made the bullet structure efficient enabling its flight for long distances.
Internal Ballistics study reduced the size of guns and led to the advancements in aspects like
• Propelling charge design
• Projectile / sabot design (robust in structure)
• Barrel design
• Recoil system
• Wear
“Major advancements that are notable are the introduction of automatic guns which are headed
with the advancements in the recoil systems.” [M16, Ak-47]
17](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sqwylykrbqgdghmgk3oa-signature-978e99cc417059dbbb4566f7e27f1597a0918ec9284c15235037b23c81a7bfc4-poli-150413000306-conversion-gate01/85/Ballistic-computer-20-320.jpg)
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Ballistic computer
- 1. A seminar presentation on Ballistic Computer Presented by: Machireddy Goutham Roll no: 12121a0466 III B.Tech ECE SREE VIDYANIKETHAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) (AFFLIATED TO JNTU ANANTHAPUR , APPROVED BY AICTE) SREE SAINATH NAGAR , A . RANGAMPET , TIRUPATHI – 517 102 . A . P. Under the Supervision of: Ms H.D.Praveena, M.Tech Assistant professor Department of ECE
- 3. Outline •Introduction •History of Ballistics •Galileo’s contribution •Honourable mentions •Applications •Ballistic computer •Variations of Ballistic computer •Internal Components •Simplicity in use •Conclusion’s •References 1
- 4. Introduction: Meaning of Ballistics The word Ballistics springs from the naïve Greek language which means “To Throw”. Ballistics is a physical science, technology, and a tool of war which comprises Interior Ballistics (inside the barrel) and Exterior Ballistics (after leaving the barrel). Interior Ballistics involves chemistry and physics with nature, The thermodynamics of combustion and expanding gas. Exterior Ballistics involves the physics of a projectile moving through a resisting medium. A ballistic body is a body with momentum which is free to move, subjected to forces, such as the pressure of gases in a gun or a propulsive nozzle, by riffling in a barrel, by gravity, or by air drag. 2
- 5. What if proper ballistics aren’t used in aiming a target?
- 6. History of Ballistics [Before Gun Powder Age] Proper History of Ballistics starts from BC, Where archers played a proper role in aiming distant targets. Later catapults (used for demolition of high walls and to break up the army forces) used the Ballistics for distant shoots, which requires the angular levitation and string force of the stone holder. In combats, calculations are necessary for aiming which are so complex in overcoming the air resistance and gravity concept, the solution needs to be fast, which later evolved as “Ballistic coefficient”. 3
- 7. History of Ballistics [Galileo’s period] Galileo’s role in Ballistics is prominent at ages, which centres around a basic statement of projectiles later led to “Ballistics Theory”. “When a projectile is carried in motion compounded from equable horizontal and from naturally accelerated downward [motions], it describes a semi-parabolic line in its movement.” -Galileo Galilei 4
- 8. Galileo’s Theory on Ballistics Galileo performed experiments on motion of heavy bodies, which culminates law of falling bodies (in - vacuum) and parabolic path of a projectile He recognized the role of air resistance in causing “deformation in the [parabolic] path of a projectile”. He assumed parabolic theory still valid for low and high- velocity mortar ballistics, and included range tables in Discourses. His research led to the invention of Galileo scale, which helped the catapults in aiming with proper inclination. Later the theory was considered as flaw at the advent of ‘cordite’ the now called Gun Powder. 5
- 9. History of Ballistics [After Gun Powder Age] In retrospect various theories served the purpose of heavy artillery ballistics, but as it comes to light artilleries neither of them served the purpose. So an emergence of theory is necessary to compensate ambient forces like frictional laws, flight time of the object, aerodynamic laws came to have more significance. In the start musketeers and riflers used short range attacks, as its inaccurate for distant shoots because of the bullet velocity when it leaves into air from the barrel’s muzzle. Later with the advancements in technology these limitations are solved with several aspects like increasing the blast strength, confining gunpowder in a bullet, barrel shape etc.; 6
- 10. Honourable mentions Niccolo Fontana : Designed “Gunner’s Quadrant” Toricelli : r = R sin 2Φ , Also famous for solving Galileo's theory in practicality. Huygens : Applied some anomalous medium laws on trajectory paths Newton : Replaced the medium forces with gravitational force Johann Bernoulli : Proved the tangential forces acting on a projectile 7
- 11. Applications • Forensic Calculations : Forensic ballistics involves analysis of bullets and bullet impacts to determine information of use to a court or other part of a legal system. •Astrodynamics : Astrodynamics is the application of ballistics and celestial mechanisms to the practical problems concerning the motion of rockets and other spacecraft. •Medical purposes : In medicine this branch actually helps in the detection of metal pieces that pierce into the body after its inured by a shot. •War reckonings : During war the computations are utmost required without delay, Ballistics serves the best part at those situations. •Design science : This branch is quite applicable in design of projectile moving objects like golf balls, bullets, rockets etc.; 8
- 12. Need for modernisation in Ballistics •The study of high speed moving objects is impossible with the normal ballistics, rather we hardly get precise values. •This problem can be overcomed by the use of high speed analysing computers, which are used to consider the internal ballistics that collaborates with the external ballistics. • Analysis of bullet motion resulted in the addition of whirl to the bullet through the grooves in gun muzzle. This increased the accuracy in hitting target. •Besides working platforms like “Hosur” are required in designing a model in overcoming the suitable limitations and later manufacture the product. This focuses in mowing the production costs and reliability of product. •This ultimately resulted in the emergence of Ballistic computer, In retrospect it is named as turning computers which raised the present personal computers. 9
- 13. Ballistic Computer • The first ballistic computer designed by the Germans, during the WWII which served the main purpose of communications and ammo logs. • Later an American company named “Buffalo cartridges” took initiation in the design of a ballistic computer for the external ballistic affairs. • “British ballistics” company designed a full fledged computer software in 1989 on Linux, which completely deals with the design of ammunition. • Later it is made OS friendly to extend its usage in 2004, by the JBL ammunition 10
- 14. Comparison of Ballistic computer PAST Communications, roles in tankers and Air jets etc. PRESENT Calculations for Design, Aim accuracy, Testing. 11
- 15. Variations in Ballistic computer M1: This was used by seacoast artillery for major-calibre seacoast guns. It computed continuous firing data for a battery of two guns that were separated by not more than 1000 feet. It utilised the same type of input data furnished by a range section with the then-current (1940) types of position-finding and fire-control equipment. M3: This was used in conjunction with the M9 and M10 directors to compute all required firing data, i.e. azimuth, elevation and fuse time. The computations were made continuously, so that the gun was at all times correctly pointed and the fuse correctly timed for firing at any instant. The computer was mounted in the M13 or M14 director trailer. M4: This was identical to the M3 except for some mechanisms and parts which were altered to allow for different ammunition being used. M8: This was an electronic computer (using vacuum tube technology) built by Bell Labs and used by coast artillery with medium - calibre guns (up to 8-inches). It made the following corrections: wind, drift, earth's rotation, muzzle velocity, air density, height of site and spot corrections. 12
- 16. M9: This was identical to the M8 except for some mechanisms and parts which were altered to accommodate anti-aircraft ammunition and guns. M10: A ballistics computer, part of the M38 fire control system, for the Sky sweeper. M13: A ballistics computer for the M48 tank. M14: A ballistics computer for the M103 heavy tank. M15: A part of the M35 field artillery fire-control system, which included the M1 gunnery officer console and M27 power supply M16: A ballistics computer for the M60A2 tank. M19: A ballistics computer for the M60A2 tank. M21: A ballistics computer for the M60A3 tank. M23: A mortar ballistics computer M26: A fire-control computer for the AH-1 Cobra, (AH-1F). M31: A mortar ballistics computer. M32: A mortar ballistics computer, (handheld). Advanced M1: A ballistics computer for the M1 Abrams main battle tank 13
- 17. Renowned systems •The Battery Computer System (BCS) AN/GYK-29 was a computer used by the United States Army for computing artillery fire mission data. •It replaced the Field Artillery Digital Automatic Computer (FADAC). It was comparatively small. •The AN/GSG-10 TACFIRE system automated Field Artillery command and control functions. It was composed of computers and remote devices. •Remote devices comprise Digital Message Device(DMD) and Fire finder Field Artillery linked by digital communications using existing radio and wire communications equipment. •Later in its service life, it also linked with the Battery Computer System (BCS) which had more advanced targeting algorithms and evolved into AFATDS. It replaced both BCS (for technical fire solutions) and IFSAS/L-TACFIRE (for tactical fire control) systems in U.S. Field Artillery organizations, •As of 2009, the U.S. Army was transitioning from a version based on a Sun Microsystems SPARC computer running the Linux Kernel to a version based on laptop computers running the Microsoft Windows operating system. 1932 1962 1987 14 2009
- 18. Internal components •CPU (central processing unit) •IOU (input/output unit) •MCMU (mass core memory unit) •DDT (digital data terminal) •MTU (magnetic tape unit) •PCG (power converter group) •ELP (electronic line printer) •DPM(digital plotter map) •ACC (artillery control console) •RCMU (remote control monitoring unit) 15
- 19. Simplicity of Ballistic computer •Using the laws of Ballistics and the Galileo’s approach to scale calculations enhanced the computer applications into different platforms. •Applications of Ballistic computer are used to device other products like Ballistic calculator, Range detector, Thermal ranger, Piercing ranger and so Ballistic calculator Range Detector Piercing DetectorThermal Ranger 16
- 20. Advantages of Ballistic Computer in artillery Ballistic computer simplified the approach to Internal and External study of ballistics. External Ballistics made the bullet structure efficient enabling its flight for long distances. Internal Ballistics study reduced the size of guns and led to the advancements in aspects like • Propelling charge design • Projectile / sabot design (robust in structure) • Barrel design • Recoil system • Wear “Major advancements that are notable are the introduction of automatic guns which are headed with the advancements in the recoil systems.” [M16, Ak-47] 17
- 21. Conclusion’s •Ballistic computer uses Service-oriented architecture for directing combatting systems in war fighting using distributed software components provides robust, reliable, scalable, interoperable, reusable, and a maintainable functionalities. •It delivers the basic functionalities and operations for the military equipment; and the ESB acting as a middleware that coordinates and shields the complexity and heterogeneity of communication among the different entities of the system. 18
- 22. References •Phister, Paul W., and Igor G. Plonisch, ‘Military Applications of Information Technologies’, Air and Space Power Journal, pp. 77-90, 2004. •United States Army Functional Concept for Battle Command, TRADOC Pamphlet 525-3-3, Ver. 1.0, 2007. •http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1988/MJR.htm •http://sill-www.army.mil/FAMAG.pdf •http://www.combatindex.com/mil docs/pdf/hdbk/0700/mil-HDBK-799.pdf •Steve Pringler, ‘TM 9-2300 Standard Artillery and Fire Control Materiel’, 2009 •Steve Pringler, ‘TM 9-2300 Artillery Materiel and Associated Equipment’, 2011 •Jean Patrick, ‘ST 9-159 Handbook of Ordnance material’, 2010 •Adam Smith, ‘Coast Artillery Journal March April’, 2008 19
- 23. Thanking you...
- 24. Queries please…