Basics of transportation planning
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The document discusses the components and structure of transportation systems, detailing the road hierarchy, traffic flow, capacity, and various transportation modes. It emphasizes the physical infrastructure, including types of roads, intersections, and the necessary control systems for efficient operation. Key terminology and design standards related to urban roads and their functionalities are also outlined.
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Basics of transportation planning
- 1. Dhwani ShahDhwani Shah Assistant ProfessorAssistant Professor Bhaikaka Centre for Human SettlementsBhaikaka Centre for Human Settlements APIED, V.V. NagarAPIED, V.V. Nagar [email protected]@apied.edu.in
- 2. What is a Transportation System? Road Hierarchy Common Terms -Road Section Contents Common Terms -Road Section Intersections Traffic Flow/Volume Capacity & Level of Service Transportation Modes
- 3. What is a Transportation System? Network of physical components that help in the transportation of goods and people from one place to another. Physical components can be referred to as the Physical components can be referred to as the facilities. It comprises of fixed infrastructure flow entities control system
- 4. Physical Infrastructure Physical components of the system fixed in space Links (road network, railway network, etc)(road network, railway network, etc) Nodes (junctions, interchanges, bus stops, railway stations)
- 5. Flow Entities Units that traverse (travel across/through) the fixed facilities - vehicles, trains Road system has to accommodate a wide variety of vehicle types CyclesCycles Pedestrians Cars 2 wheelers Tempo Trucks Hand rickshaw Tractor-trailer
- 6. Control System Means which are required for the efficient and smooth operation of streams of vehicles and the reduction of conflicts between vehicles. Signage Street Markings Signal systems
- 7. Expressways Arterial Streets Sub-arterial Streets Collector Streets ROAD HIERARCHY Collector Streets Local Streets Access Streets
- 8. EXPRESSWAYS Controlled access Grade separated at junctions High traffic volume at ARTERIAL STREETS Principal network for through traffic Restricted access from carriageway to the side High traffic volume at high speeds Trips of medium and long lengths Eg: Ahmedabad- Vadodara Expressway Essential that they are continuous Connect CBD and suburban areas Parking restricted Eg: Chikodara Choki- Ganesh-Janta-karamsad Road
- 9. SUB-ARTERIAL STREETS Emphasis on connecting to adjoining areas May be divided or COLLECTOR STREETS Collects and distributes traffic from local streets and provides access to Sub-arterial/ Arterial May be divided or undivided Signalized at intersections with arterial streets Parking restricted and controlled Sub-arterial/ Arterial streets Generally undivided; may be divided in some cases Less parking restrictions; some in peak hour
- 10. LOCAL STREETS Intended for local use on which through traffic is to be discouraged. Unrestricted parking ACCESS STREETS These are used for access functions to adjoining properties and areas. Unrestricted parking A majority of trips in urban areas usually originate or terminate on these streets. Unrestricted parking
- 11. Design Speed and Space Standards Sr. No. Road Types Design Speed (kmph) Space Standards (m) 1 Urban Expressway 80 50-60 2 Arterial Road 50 50-80 3 Sub-Arterial Road 50 30-50 4 Distributor/ Collector Road 30 12-30 5 Local Street 10-20 12-20 6 Access Street 15 6-15 Source: URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
- 12. RIGHT OF WAY The road width available for public purpose. It is the width between properties on opposite sides in the public domain. COMMON TERMS (ROAD) public domain. It will include all elements that make up the cross section of the street (bitumen top, central verge, lighting, parking, footpath, shoulder etc.) CARRIAGEWAY A carriageway is the main track of a road or a street, also known as roadway, driveway or carriage track. Commonly referred to as ‘black top’ or ‘bitumen top
- 13. Road Section
- 14. ROAD SHOULDER A road shoulder is a strip of land immediately adjacent to the traffic lane of a road. Road shoulders are designed to: Provide a factor of safety for road users who Provide a factor of safety for road users who accidently leave or are forced to leave the sealed pavement area, and Protect the sealed pavement from excess deterioration. KERB A stone or concrete block edging to a pavement or raised path.
- 15. FOOTPATH A footpath is a pedestrian route, that is intended for pedestrian walking use and from which other forms of traffic are excluded and prohibitedtraffic are excluded and prohibited Generally found on the street edge STREET FURNITURE Street furniture is a collective term for objects and pieces of equipment installed on streets and roads for various purposes, including traffic barriers, benches, bollards, post boxes, phone boxes, street lamps, traffic lights, traffic signs, bus stops, taxi stands, public lavatories, fountains, statues, and waste bins
- 16. An intersection is the junction at-grade/on the same level, of two or more roads either meeting or crossing. Intersections or crossing. Types of Intersection T Junction Y Junction Staggered Cross Road Scissor Junction Multi-leg Junction Roundabout/ circular intersection
- 23. ROUNDABOUT
- 24. Traffic Flow/Volume Number of vehicles which pass a specified point on the road over a specified time. Vehicles/hour Passenger Car Unit (PCU’s)/hour Also called Passenger Car Equivalent (PCE) Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT)/day
- 25. Passenger car units (PCU) of different types of vehicles are required to convert a mixed traffic stream into a homogeneous equivalent, and thereby to express the mixed traffic flow in terms of equivalent number of passenger cars. Passenger Car Unit (PCU) Source: URDPFI Guidelines, 2014. Ministry of Urban Development
- 26. Capacity gives an understanding of how much traffic a given transportation facility can accommodate. Capacity
- 27. Level of service tries to answer how good is the present traffic situation on a given facility. Thus it gives a qualitative measure of traffic, where as capacity analysis gives a quantitative measure of a facility. Level of Service gives a quantitative measure of a facility. For a given road or facility, capacity could be constant. But actual flow will be different for different days and different times in a day itself. The intention of LOS is to relate the traffic service quality to a given flow rate of traffic.
- 28. LOS Qualitative measure of traffic V/C Level of Service = Volume/ Capacity of traffic A Free flow 0.35 B Reasonably free flow 0.55 C Stable flow 0.77 D Approaching unstable flow 0.92 E Unstable flow 1 F Forced or breakdown flow >1 Source: Chapter 35. Capacity and Level of Service; NPTEL May 3, 2007
- 29. Transportation Modes Private- Privately owned not available for use by the general public. Public -Public transport is shared passenger- transport service. Available to the public, charge set fares, and run on fixed routes.Modes include city buses, light rail and passenger trains, rapid transit.trains, rapid transit. Para-transit Informal means of transit. Share autos, share taxis, maxi cabs etc. Non- Motorised Transport (NMT)- NMT is also known as active transportation and human powered transportation. It includes walking and bicycling.