Basics of Xml

JERRY KURIAN. OVER 20 YEARS EXPERIENCE.
TECHNOLOGY INNOVATOR & ENTREPRENEUR
Started coding with an Intel 486 machine more than 25 years
back and enjoying it ever since. Developed using VB, Pascal,
C++, Java Enterprise and OSS, Scala, Node JS and the saga
continues. Started using Spring, hibernate before it became hip.
Started using Scala when it was in its infancy.
After spending 8 years working in various software
companies like Huawei Tech, Quidnunc across UK, US,
China and India, the entrepreneurship bug bit in 2006
(before it was hip!!). Built one of the pioneers in SMS
social network called CellZapp, I developed the
product on my own and sold it to marquee customers
like ESPN and Hungama Digital. Recently launched a
product in field informatics www.isense-tech.co.in.
Successfully launched across 3 pilot customers and on
track to sign up more.
A family man with two kids, I am a passionate weekend
cricketer and an involved dad. I urge my two sons to
follow their dreams, which they do by staying out of the
conventional schooling system and exploring their passion
at a democratic free school called BeMe. Check it out at
http://beme.org.in

ORIGIN OF XML
 XML (Extensible Markup Language) is a derivative of
SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language), the
earliest attempt at a markup language
 XML is not a programming language, but a set of
rules that structure data in a representational manner
 XML rules are standard and allow easy eXtensibility
as per business needs

WHY XML
 Most application have domain specific data that
needs to be shared across components
 With the service orientation of new-age applications,
data has to be shared across different applications
too
 Application can share data in a format that can be
parsed and understood by a program

WHY XML
 Data has traditionally been shared by defining
protocols and arranging data as per the protocol
 Every protocol needs development of a parser for
understanding the protocol and extracting data out of
it
 Development of parser is not an easy undertaking
and in fact adds no value to the overall application in
terms of its actual business goals

WHY XML
 XML provides an easy substitution to the need of
creating proprietary protocols
 By following XML rules, new domain specific
language (Protocol) can be generated without the
need for creating its custom parser
 Any XML document can be parsed by using a valid
XML parser

WHY XML
 XML allows application developers to define a
business specific protocol which is easy to read for
humans as well as easy to parse for applications
 Numerous parsers are available in all programming
language to parse any XML document

ADVANTAGES
 XML allows definition of data in a format
understandable to both humans and computers
 Standard rules of XML allow a standard parser to be
used for parsing any XML document
 XML enables representation of data in simple texts,
allowing easy transfer over any type of
communication medium

XML DOCUMENT
 An XML document is made up of a set of tags in the
form of ‘<‘ ‘some text’ ‘>’ that denotes start of a ‘node’
 The node area ends with ‘<‘ ‘/’ ‘some text’ ‘>’
 The XML nodes are made up of
 Element
 Attribute
 Entity
 Comment

XML USAGE PROBLEM
DEFINITION
 Consider a multi user gaming platform where each
user plays a game on his own machine and makes a
move
 Data about each move is sent to the other user in the
form of XML
 The game requires each player to send a challenge
question to another player with choice of at least 3
answers, one of which can be right

XML USAGE PROBLEM
DEFINITION
 Whenever a move is sent by player 1 to player 2, the
details of player 1 along with current points should
also be sent

XML DEFINITION
 In the problem definition, the various elements are
 Player
 Player Name
 Player Address
 Player Points
 Questions
 Question
 Answer

XML DEFINITION
 The various elements identified in the previous slide
can provide almost all the information about a move
made by a player
 These elements will be arranged in an XML document
in the following manner

<game>
<person>
<name>Jerry</name>
<address>Bangalore</address>
<points>10</points>
</person>
<questions>
<question>
<query>What is XML</query>
<answers>
<answer>A tree</answer>
<answer>An automobile</answer>
<answer>A markup language</answer>
</answers>
</question>
<question>
<query>Where is Bangalore located</query>
<answers>
<answer>Maharashtra</answer>
<answer>Karnataka</answer>
<answer>UP</answer>
</answers>
</question>
<questions>
</game>

How will you create an XML representing answers from the player who
Is being questioned?

<game>
<person>
<name>Hari</name>
<points>50</points>
</person>
<questions>
<question>
<answer>A markup language</answer>
</question>
<question>
<answer>Karnataka</answer>
</question>
<questions>
</game>
XML Representing answer from the other player can be represented as

ELEMENT
 Element is the basic building block of XML document
 Every aspect of the domain is described through the
Element
 In our example, the nodes like <person>, <question>
etc are elements
 As seen above, one element can contain one or more
elements as its child element

ATTRIBUTE
 If an element has some additional characteristics,
which is not an element in itself, then it can be
denoted using an attribute
 The attribute is placed within the element node and
contains a name=value pair
 In our example, the list of answers should contain one
correct answer. The correctness of an answer can be
denoted using an attribute

<game>
<person>
<name>Jerry</name>
<points>10</points>
</person>
<questions>
<question>
<answers>
<answer>A tree</answer>
<answer>An automobile</answer>
<answer correct=“true”>A markup language</answer>
</answers>
</question>
<question>
<answers>
<answer>Maharashtra</answer>
<answer correct=“true”>Karnataka</answer>
<answer>UP</answer>
</answers>
</question>
<questions>
</game>

ROOT ELEMENT
 The XML elements can be represented in the form of
a tree
 The top most element of the XML document is the
Root element and each of its child is a root to its own
children
 In our case, the <game> element is the root element
of the document.

EMPTY ELEMENTS
 There could be elements that do not have any child
elements under it
 These elements could just have the attributes in it
 Such elements are called Empty elements
 Empty elements are usually denoted as
<element_name/>. This is same as
<element_name></element_name> with no content
between

COMMENTS
 Comments can be added into an XML document to
give more information about tags
 Comments will be ignored by the parser
 Comments can be provided between the tags <!- -
and - - >
<!- - Your comment here - - >

ENTITY
 Entities can be used to substitute a value for a data
item
 Entities behave like macros where they are place
holders for something else
 Entities start with & and end with ;
 Predefined entity like " will be replaced by a ‘
when parsed

CDATA
 As seen in the example, most of the element contain
text between then, which is the value for the element
 The XML parser returns the value of element by
getting the content between the nodes
 If the content contains some special characters like
‘<‘, ‘>’ its, then it may lead to error in parsing

CDATA
 Such characters can be escaped by using entities as
explained earlier
 But if you want to avoid entities, then CDATA section
can be used
 When CDATA section is encountered, the parser will
leave it alone and pass the text unchanged
 CDATA can be defined in the following format
<![CDATA[ content ]]>.

CDATA
 Example
<points><![CDATA[<20]]></points>

DOCUMENT TYPES
 There are two types of XML documents
 Well Formed
 Well formed and valid
 Well formed documents are any XML document that
follow the general XML rules
 The XML documents above are examples of well
formed XML documents

DOCUMENT TYPES
 Well formed and valid XML documents are ones that
not only follow general XML rules, but also conform to
certain domain specific grammar
 The domain specific grammar is denoted using DTD
(Document type definition)
 DTDs define rules for a domain specific XML
document

DTD
 DTD is made of tags that define the various nodes
allowed in an XML document
 The DTD can be used to define the various aspects of
XML document like
 Element
 Attribute
 Entities

DTD
 A document can refer to a DTD using the
<!DOCTYPE> element
<!DOCTYPE document [
<! - - DTD goes here - ->
]>
<game>
<person>
<name>Jerry</name>
<points>10</points>
</person>

DTD
 An XML document can also refer to an external DTD
file instead of defining it as part of the XML document
itself
<!DOCTYPE document SYSTEM “game.dtd">
 The SYSTEM specifies this to be a private DTD

PUBLIC DTDS
 DTDs can be created by public body and can be
accessed by any XML document
 <!DOCTYPE document PUBLIC ‘dtd’>
 The dtd location needs to be specified using a formal
public identifier (FPI)
 FPI Example:
 -//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN

FPI RULES
 The first field indicates whether the DTD is for a formal standard.
For DTDs you create on your own, this field should be -. If a non-
official standards body has created the DTD, you use +. For
formal standards bodies, this field is a reference to the standard
itself (such as ISO/IEC 19775:2003).
 The second field holds the name of the group or person
responsible for the DTD. You should use a name that is unique
(for example, W3C just uses W3C).
 The third field specifies the type of the document the DTD is for
and should be followed by a unique version number of some kind
(such as Version 1.0).
 The fourth field specifies the language in which the DTD is
written (for example, EN for English).

DECLARING ELEMENT
 The XML elements are declared in DTD using the
following syntax
<!ELEMENT name content_model >
 The name indicates the name of the element
 The content_model indicates the content that the
element is allowed to have as its children
 If there is no content_model specified then the
element will be treated as an empty element

DECLARING ELEMENT
 In our example, the game element can be declared in
the following way
<!ELEMENT game (person,questions)>
 The above element definition specifies that the game
element can have person and questions elements as
its children
 If an element provides content_model as ANY then
that element can contain any type of children,
effectively telling parser to ignore validation of the
element
<!ELEMENT name ANY>

CHILD ELEMENTS
 The DTD can specify the number of children allowed
for each element
<!ELEMENT game (person)>
Specifies game element can have only one person
child element
<!ELEMENT questions (question)*>
Specifies that the questions element can zero or
many question elements as children

CHILD ELEMENTS
Element x or y can be present- but not bothx | y
Element x should be followed by element yx , y
There can be zero or one occurrence of the
element
?
There can be one or more occurrences of the
element
+
There can be zero or more occurrences of the
element
*
DescriptionNotation

ATTRIBUTE
 Attributes provide additional details for an element
 Attributes can be defined in a DTD using the following
notation
<!ATTLIST element_name attribute_name type
default_value

ATTRIBUTE DEFINITION
 In our example,
the element
answer has an
attribute correct
 <!ATTLIST answer
correct CDATA
#IMPLIED>
Specifies default
value for attribute
value
Mandates the
attribute
#REQUIRED
Sets attribute’s
value to value
#FIXED value
Attribute is
optional
#IMPLIED

ATTRIBUTE TYPES
 Attributes can have the following types
 CDATA
 Enumerated type
 NMTOKEN
 NMTOKENS
 ID

ATTRIBUTE TYPES
 CDATA- allows character data that should not contain
special characters
 Enumerated types provides a comma separated list of
options.
 <!ATTLIST answer correct (true | false) #REQUIRED>
]>
 NMTOKEN are any name token that confirm to XML
standards
 NMTOKENS are a set of NMTOKENS seperated by
white space

ENTITY
 An entity in XML is just a data item
 Entities are usually text that are used quite often
across the document
 Entities can also be binary data
 Entities can be declared like
<!ENTITY name definition>

ENTITY
 Example
<!ENTITY copyright "(c) XML Power Corp. 2005">
 An entity can then be used in the document as
follows
<copy>&copyright;</copy>

XML SCHEMAS
 XML schemas are an alternate way of defining the
structure of an XML document
 Schemas are much more comprehensive and detailed
way of specifying the XML syntax
 Schemas also specify the element and attribute of an
XML document

SCHEMA EXAMPLE
 The game XML document can be defined as
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<xsd:schema xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
<xsd:element name="game" type="gameType"/>
<xsd:complexType name="gameType">
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="person" minOccurs="1"/>
<xsd:element name="questions" type="questionType" minOccurs="1"/>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
<xsd:complexType name="questionType">
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element ref="query"/>
<xsd:element name="answers" type="answersType"/>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
<xsd:element name="query" type="xsd:string"/>
<xsd:complexType name="answersType">
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="answer" type="answerType"/>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
<xsd:complexType name="answerType">
<xsd:attribute name="correct" type="xsd:string" use="optional"/>
</xsd:complexType>
</xsd:schema>

SCHEMA ELEMENT
 Schema element can be defined in the following
manner
<xsd:element name=“query" type="xsd:string"/>
 Any element that contain child elements or attribute
needs to be defined as a complexType
 Elements that enclose only simple data such as
numbers, strings or date are simpleTypes

SCHEMA ELEMENT
 There are some built-in simple schema types like
 String
 anyURI
 Boolean
 Date
 dateTime
 <xsd:sequence> element specifies the sequence of
the elements

NUMBER OF ELEMENTS
 The person element has a minOccurs attribute to
specify that it will occur at least once
 To make an element option, minOccurs should be 0
 To make it appear from 0 to 10 times, then we can
use minOccurs=“0” and maxOccurs=“10”
 To specify unlimited number of occurances, set
maxOccurs=“unbounded”

VALUES OF ELEMENT
 An element can be specified a default value through
<xsd:element name=“term” type=“xsd:integer”
default=“10”/>
 An element can be specified a fixed value through
<xsd:element name=“term” type=“xsd:integer”
fixed=“200”/>

ATTRIBUTES
 An element with attributes can be specified in the
following manner
<xsd:attribute name="correct" type="xsd:string"
use="optional"/>
 Optional tag specifies that the attribute is optional
 Some of the other use attribute that can be specified
are
 Default
 Fixed
 Optional
 Prohibited
 required

NAMESPACE
 The namespaces are useful in reuse of XML tags
 Once XML document can reuse part of another well
defined XML document
 The new XML document may contain elements that
have same name as of the other XML document
being referred
 The name clashes can be avoided using a
namespace

NAMESPACE
 The namespace for an XML document can be defined
using the targetNamespace attribute of the schema
element
<xsd:schema targetNamespace="http://xmlpowercorp"
xmlns="http://xmlpowercorp"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
attributeFormDefault="qualified" elementFormDefault

NAMESPACE
 The qualified attribute value specifies that the
namespace name will be specified before every
element in that namespace
 To avoid this we can use set the value to unqualified

UNQUALIFIED NAMESPACE
<xsd:schema xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
targetNamespace="http://xmlpowercorp"
elementFormDefault="unqualified"
attributeFormDefault="unqualified>
<xsd:element name="game" type="gameType"/>
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="questions" type="questionType"
minOccurs="1"/>
</xsd:sequence>
<xsd:attribute name="documentDate" type="xsd:date"/>
</xsd:complexType>
In this case, the parser will assume that all elements are to be found in the default
namespace, which will create problem in this case for questionType

UNQUALIFIED NAMESPACE
<xsd:schema xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
targetNamespace="http://xmlpowercorp"
xmlns:xmp="http://xmlpowercorp"
elementFormDefault="unqualified"
attributeFormDefault="unqualified>
<xsd:element name="game" type=“xmp:gameType"/>
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="questions" type=xmp:questionType"
minOccurs="1"/>
</xsd:sequence>
<xsd:attribute name="documentDate" type="xsd:date"/>
</xsd:complexType>
In this case, the parser will look at the qualified xmp for the elements gameType and
questionType and know that it belongs a different namespace

Basics of Xml

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