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Mobilizing Global Action to End Violence against Children: Lessons from Around the World
The document discusses the pervasive issue of violence against children worldwide and its significant impact on health and well-being across the lifespan. It highlights the importance of implementing evidence-based prevention and response strategies through partnerships among governments and organizations. The findings from various Violence Against Children Surveys (VACS) inform policies, advocate for child protection, and aim to mobilize action for a comprehensive response to combat this pressing problem.
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Mobilizing Global Action to End Violence against Children: Lessons from Around the World
- 1. James A. Mercy,PhD Division of Violence Prevention National Center for Injury Prevention and Control Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MOBILIZING GLOBAL ACTION TO END VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN: LESSONS FROM AROUND THE WORLD
- 2.
- 3. Violence Across theLifespan EARLY CHILDHOOD ADOLESCENCE ADULTHOOD Bullying Youth Violence Child Maltreatment: physical, sexual, emotional, neglect Dating Violence Sexual Violence Intimate Partner Violence Elder Maltreatment
- 4. Violence Against Childrenis Common in the U. S., NatSCEV, 2008 Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., Ormrod, R., Hamby, S., and Kracke, K. 2009. Children’s Exposure to Violence: A Comprehensive National Survey. Washington, DC: U.S. DOJ, OJP, OJJDP, CDC.
- 5. HIV/AIDS Chronic Lung Disease Fractures Pregnancy Complications Cancer Burns Unintended and Adolescent Pregnancy Fetal Death Internal Injury Diabetes Heart Disease HIV STDs Violence Against Children Alcohol AndDrugs Unsafe Sexual Practices Violence Against Children Is Costly and Destructive Maternal and Child Health Injury Non-Communicable Disease Communicable Disease and Risk Behaviors Stroke Alcohol Smoking Obesity Physical Inactivity Multiple Partners Head Injury Mental Health Problems Suicide Depression and Anxiety PTSD Assault
- 6. Paths From Violenceto HIV and Back Again Direct transmission Compromised negotiation Reduced self efficacy Forcing children out of homes HIV Risk Behaviors Risk for violence post- diagnosis Social isolation & vulnerability Stigma Stress Violence Against Children HIV Infection
- 7. Violence Damages BodyVia Impact on the Brain Violence Against Children/ Youth Mental and Physical Health and Cognitive Development Infancy Adulthood Risk Behaviors And Conditions Premature Aging Toxic Stress
- 8. Violence Against Children Surveys (VACS) Photoby Nadia Todres
- 9. Together for Girls:A Global Partnership Generate data to guide action Support governments in evidence-based prevention and response Mobilize action through communication strategies Centers for Disease Control and Prevention United Nations Children’s Fund President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS World Health Organization United Nations Development Fund for Women United Nations Population Fund Becton, Dickinson and Company CDC Foundation Nduna Foundation Grupo ABC
- 10. VACS Addresses KeyIssues MEASURES violence and its’ IMPACT on children’s lives with a strong gender lens Uses data to foster POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT AND PROGRAMMING to prevent and respond to violence against children Photo by Nadia Todres
- 11. Completed, Planned, andPotential Violence Against Children Surveys (VACS) Swaziland Cote D’Ivoire MozambiqueMalawi Indonesia Cambodia Kenya Tanzania Zimbabwe Haiti Nigeria Zambia Uganda Rwanda Botswana Laos PDR ? Thailand ? Malaysia ? Vietnam ? Guatemala ? Colombia ? Mexico ? Papua New Guinea ? Nepal ? India ? Philippines ? China
- 12. VACS Methods Nationalhousehold survey Three-stage cluster sample survey design Randomly select one eligible female or male aged 13-24 years in each household Swaziland – girls only; All subsequent surveys both girls and boys Surveys carried out by in-country institutions Extensive efforts to protect child respondents
- 13. Violence is Common in the Lives ofChildren Photo by Nadia Todres LESSON #1
- 14. + Please donot share these data because data for some of these countries have not been officially released. * Only girls interviewed in Swaziland Prevalence of Sexual Violence Prior to Age 18 Reported by Females and Males 18-24 Years of Age in Seven VACS Country Sites+ 38 33 32 27 26 22 4 9 18 12 21 15 6 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Swaziland* Zimbabwe Kenya Tanzania Haiti Malawi Cambodia Females Males Seven Country Comparison
- 15. Prevalence of PhysicalViolence Prior to Age 18 Reported by Females and Males 18-24 Years of Age by Parents, Adult Caregivers, and Authority Figures in Six VACS Country Sites+ 66 64 61 55 53 42 73 76 57 53 54 54 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Kenya Zimbabwe Haiti Tanzania Cambodia Malawi Females Males Six Country Comparison + Please do not share these data because data for some of these countries have not been officially released.
- 16. Prevalence of 12-monthSexual Violence for Females by Age Group, Tanzania, 2009 0 5 10 15 20 25 13-14 15-16 17-18 19-20 21-22 23-24 Prevalence(%) Age Group
- 17. Some Categories of Childrenare Especially Vulnerable to Violence LESSON #2 Photo by Nadia Todres
- 18. * Statistically significant,p<0.05 19% 13% 5% 6% 26% 26% 8% 6% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% Unwanted Sexual Touching Attempted Sex Pressured Sex Forced Sex Prevalence(%) Type of Sexual Violence Female Non-Restavèk Female Restavèk * * Prevalence of Childhood Sexual Violence in Female Restavèks Compared to Non-Restavèks *
- 19. * Statistically significant,p<0.05 33% * 55% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Household Authority Figure EV Prevalence(%) Type of Emotional Violence (EV)) Female Non-Restavèk Female Restavèk * Prevalence of Childhood Emotional Violence in Female Restavèks Compared to Non-Restavèks, Haiti, 2012+ + Please do not share these data because data for this country has not been officially released.
- 20. * Statistically significant,p<0.05 26% *50% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Household Authority Figure EV Prevalence(%) Type of Emotional Violence (EV) Male Non-Restavèk Male Restavèk * Prevalence of Childhood Emotional Violence in Male Restavèks Compared to Non-Restavèks, Haiti, 2012+ + Please do not share these data because data for this country has not been officially released.
- 21. Prevalence of SexualViolence Prior to Age 18 Reported by Females and Males 13-24 by Camp Status, Haiti, 2012+ 34.7 24.3 21.6 19.6 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Females Males Camp Non-Camp Any Sexual Violence Post Quake in Haiti + Please do not share these data because data for this country has not been officially released.
- 22.
- 23. Top Three Typesof Perpetrators of Childhood Sexual Violence Reported by Females 13 to 24 Years of Age, Swaziland – 2007 and Tanzania, 2009 Swaziland Primary perpetrators: Male neighbors- 32.3% Boyfriends - 26.2% Relatives - 14.0% (excludes parents) Age Difference: 60% 5 or more years older Tanzania Primary perpetrators: Male neighbors- 32.2% Strangers - 32.0% Boyfriends - 24.7% Age Difference: 40% 10 or more years older
- 24. 23.9 28.9 33.4 47.3 77.7 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Cambodia Haiti MalawiKenya Zimbabwe Sources: UNICEF. CDC, and KNBS. Violence Against Children in Kenya: Findings from a National Survey, 2010. Nairobi: UNICEF- Kenya Country Office; 2012; ZIMSTAT, UNICEF, and CCORE. National Baseline Survey on Life Experiences of Adolescents, 2011. Harare: ZIMSTAT. 2013. + Please do not share these data because data for some of these countries have not been officially released. Percentage of Females in Five VACS Sites Reporting First Sexual Violence Incident Prior to Age 18 was Perpetrated by a Boyfriend/Partner+ Percentage(%)
- 25. Violence Impacts the Health ofOur Children Photo by Nadia Todres LESSON #4
- 26. Association Between ChildhoodSexual Violence and Selected Health Conditions, Females 13 to 24 Years of Age, Swaziland, 2007 3.7 3.5 3.0 2.9 2.3 2.3 2.0 1.8 1.2 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 Adjustedoddsratio* *Adjusted for age, community setting, SES, and orphan status Source: Reza A, et al. Sexual violence and its health consequences for female children in Swaziland: a cluster survey study. Lancet 2009;373(9679):1966-72 . SES, Socioeconomic status STDs, Sexually transmitted diseases
- 27. None or InfrequentCondom Use in the Previous 12 Months by Experiences of Childhood Sexual Violence - As Reported by 19-24 Year Olds Who Ever Had Sex, Tanzania 2009 46.1 56.9 24.4 30.2 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Percentage(%) Experienced Childhood Sexual Violence Did not Experience Childhood Sexual Violence MaleFemale Source: United Republic of Tanzania, UNICEF, CDC, Muhimbili University. (2011). Violence Against Children In Tanzania: Findings from a National Survey 2009.
- 28. Percentage of Males18-24 Years of Age Who Reported Sexually Transmitted Disease or Transactional Sex by Experience of Sexual Violence as a Child: Kenya, Haiti and Cambodia 13.5% 3.8% 6.7% 0.9% 0.0% 4.0% 8.0% 12.0% 16.0% 20.0% Penile discharge or sore Transactional sex Experienced Sexual Violence Never Experienced Sexual Violence Adjusted OR = 1.9 P-value < 0.01 Adjusted OR = 3.8 P-value < 0.01
- 29. Percentage of Females18-24 Who Reported a Pregnancy Resulting from Forced and/or Coerced Sex Prior to Age 18 in Four VACS Country Sites+ 24.5 30.3 16.0 34.3 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 Haiti Tanzania Kenya Zimbabwe + Please do not share these data because data for some of these countries have not been officially released.
- 30. Our Children Aren’t Gettingthe Help They Need LESSON #5 Photo by Nadia Todres
- 31. Received services for sexual violence Soughtservices for sexual violence Told someone about sexual violence Girls Boys 0.4% - 6.6%2.7% - 10.0% 4.3% - 38.9% 2.1% - 5.9% 38.3% - 61.2% 20.6% - 64.7% Source: Violence Against Children Surveys in Tanzania Disclosure and Service Usage by 18-24 year old Victims of Sexual Violence Prior to Age 18, VACS
- 32. Please do notshare these data because data for some of these countries have not been officially released. Percentage of 13-17 Year Old Girls and Boys Tested for HIV Among Those Who Experienced Sexual Violence in the Past 12 Months+ 37.5 44.6 23.8 9.2 39.2 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Zimbabwe Kenya Haiti Females Males Percentage
- 33. Impact of the VACSData Photo by Nadia Todres
- 34. VACS Catalyzes Action Advocacy tool Breaksthe silence Creates a new conversation Guides action Multi- Sector Task Force USG In-Country Multi-Lateral And Bi-lateral Agencies Civil Society & NGOs Universities UNICEF In-Country Other Government Ministries Government Ministry Lead
- 35. HEALTH • Child abuse screening •Access to services, including comprehensive post-rape care JUSTICE & POLICE • Child- and women- friendly policies and laws • Police stations and courts • Legal aid SOCIAL SERVICES • Child helplines • Child protection centers • Increase social welfare officers COMMUNITY • Parenting support • Safe spaces • Helping children manage risks •Social norm change EDUCATION • Teacher codes of conduct • Early childhood education • End corporal punishment •Keep girls in school Multi-sector Interventions
- 36. IndividualRelationshipCommunitySocietal Examples • National educationcampaign • Weekly children’s radio program Examples • Every police station has trained officers • First shelter established for survivors • First counselling center established • First child-friendly court established Examples • Sexual Offenses Bill • Child Welfare Bill • Gender, children’s and education policies strengthened Scope of Policy and Programs Influenced by the Violence Against Children Survey in Swaziland
- 37. 1) Mauritius 2) Namibia 3)Tunisia 4) Libya 5) Morocco 6) Kenya 7) South Africa 8) Malawi 9) Algeria 10) Cape Verde 11) Rwanda 12) Burkina Faso 13) Madagascar 14) Botswana 15) Senegal 16) Seychelles 17) Egypt 18) Mali African Child-Friendliness Index Rankings in 2013 and 2008 Source: The African Child Policy Forum (ACPF) 2008 Ranking 1) Mauritius 2) South Africa 3) Tunisia 4) Egypt 5) Cape Verde 6) Rwanda 7) Lesotho 8) Algeria 9) Swaziland 10) Morocco 11) Seychelles 12) Libya 13) Togo 14) Malawi 15) Senegal 16) Botswana 17) Nigeria 18) Ghana 19) Burkina Faso 20) Gambia 2013 Ranking … 45) Swaziland
- 38. Tanzanian Multi-Sector TaskForce: A National Response to Violence Against Children Comprehensive child protection response Education Social Welfare Legal and Justice Public Health Community State and Civil Society Partnerships Local Government Service Delivery Public Awareness Campaign
- 39. Zimbabwe Protocol onManagement of Sexual Abuse and Violence
- 40. • T rainingin parenting for caretakers • H ousehold economic strengthening • R educe violence by legislative protection • I mprove services for victims of violence • V alue norms that protect children • E ducate and build life skills • S urveys to monitor trends and progress Key Actions Needed to Prevent and Respond to Violence Against Children - THRIVES
- 41. The Strategic Importanceof Preventing Violence Against Children Big Human Rights, Public Health, and Social Problem Influences many different health and social outcomes Economic costs are substantial Viable Prevention Programs and Policies Exist Scientifically Grounded Politically Feasible
- 42. “One of themost powerful ways to change the world is to make it better for kids.” Jack P. Shonkoff National Scientific Council for the Developing Child
- 43. For more information VisitCDC’s National Center for Injury Prevention and Control web site: www.cdc.gov/ncipc
- 44. The findings andconclusions of this presentation have not been formally disseminated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and should not be construed to represent any agency determination or policy. Disclaimer