BBOC407 BIOLOGY FOR ENGINEERS (CS) - MODULE 5.pptx
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BBOC407 BIOLOGY FOR ENGINEERS (CS) - MODULE 5
![MECHANISM
❑ Many Conditions Can Cause Problems With The Musculoskeletal
System.
❑ They Can Affect The Way You Move, Speak & Interact With The
World.
❑ Some Of The Most Common Causes Of Musculoskeletal Pain &
Movement Problems Are:
➢ Aging.
➢ Arthritis. [Common]
➢ Back Problems.
➢ Cancer.
➢ Congenital Abnormalities.
➢ Injuries.
➢ Osteoporosis. [Common]
➢ Muscular Dystrophy.
❑ Most People Recover From These Disorders Without Long Term
Health Problems.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/bboc407biologyforengineerscs-module5-250825040226-c9d2dd3f/85/BBOC407-BIOLOGY-FOR-ENGINEERS-CS-MODULE-5-pptx-12-320.jpg)
BBOC407 BIOLOGY FOR ENGINEERS (CS) - MODULE 5.pptx
- 1. CSE Course Code : BBOC407 MODULE : 5 Mr. Abhijith L Kotian Assistant Professor, Dept of CSE AIET, Moodbidri BIOLOGY FOR ENGINEERS
- 3. MODULE-5 (5 HOURS) TRENDS IN BIOENGINEERING: ✓ Muscular & Skeletal Systems As Scaffolds, Scaffolds & Tissue Engineering. ✓ DNA Origami. ✓ Biocomputing, Bioimaging. ✓ Artificial Intelligence For Disease Diagnosis. ✓ Bioconcrete. ✓ Electrical Tongue And Electrical Nose In Food Science. ✓ Bioprinting Techniques & Materials. ✓ Self-Study Topics: Bioremediation, Biomining.
- 4. MUSCULAR & SKELETAL SYSTEM AS SCAFFOLDS
- 5. MUSCULAR & SKELETAL SYSTEM AS SCAFFOLDS ❑ Skeletal Muscle Properties That Capability. Architecture Determine Is One Of A Muscle’s The Most Important Force & Excursion ❑ The Relationship Between Structure & Function In Skeletal Muscle Has Been Described & Probed For More Than A Century. ❑ A Classic Study Has Elucidated The Microscopic & Ultrastructural Properties Of Skeletal Muscle Fibers, Yielding Great Insights Into Their Function. ❑ However, Less Attention Has Been Given To Excellent & Insightful Studies Of The Macroscopic Properties Of Skeletal Muscle Tissues Dating Back To The 1600s. ❑ This Macroscopic Arrangement Of Muscle Fibers Is Known As A .
- 6. MUSCULAR & SKELETAL SYSTEM AS SCAFFOLDS
- 7. ARCHITECTURE ❑ The Musculoskeletal System (Locomotor System) Is A Human Body System That Provides Our Body With MUSCULAR SYSTEM Includes All Types Of Muscles In The Body. Movement, Stability, Shape & Support. ❑ It Is Subdivided Into 2 Broad Systems: Skeletal Muscles: The Ones That Act On The SKELETAL SYSTEM Whose Main Component Is The Bone. Body Joints To Produce Movements. The Tendons: Which Attach The Muscles To The Bones. Bones Articulate With Each Other & Form The Joints, Providing Our Bodies With A Hard Core, Yet Mobile, Skeleton.
- 8. ARCHITECTURE ❑ The Integrity & Function Of The Bones & Joints Are Supported By The Accessory Structures Of The Skeletal System; Articular Cartilage, Ligaments & Bursae. ❑ Besides Its Main Function To Provide The Body With Stability & Mobility, The Musculoskeletal System Has Many Other Functions; The Skeletal Part Plays An Important Role In Other Homeostatic Functions Such As Storage Of Minerals (E.G., Calcium) & Hematopoiesis, While The Muscular System Stores Most Of The Body’s Carbohydrates In The Form Of Glycogen.
- 9. MECHANISM ❑ The Nervous System Controls Voluntary Muscle Movements. ❑ Voluntary Muscles Are Ones You Control Intentionally. ❑ Some Involve Large Muscle Groups To Do Activities Like Jumping. ❑ Others Use Smaller Movements, Like Pushing A Button.
- 10. MECHANISM: WHEN MOVEMENTS HAPPEN Nervous System (Brain & Nerves) Sends A Message To Activate Skeletal (Voluntary) Muscles. V Muscle Fibers Contract (Tense Up) In Response To The Message. V When The Muscle Activates Or Bunches Up, It Pulls On The Tendon. V Tendons Attach Muscles To Bones. V The Tendon Pulls The Bone, Making It Move.
- 11. MECHANISM: WHEN MOVEMENTS HAPPEN To Relax The Muscle, Nervous System Sends Another Message. V It Triggers The Muscles To Relax Or Deactivate. V The Relaxed Muscle Releases Tension, Moving The Bone To A Resting Position.
- 12. MECHANISM ❑ Many Conditions Can Cause Problems With The Musculoskeletal System. ❑ They Can Affect The Way You Move, Speak & Interact With The World. ❑ Some Of The Most Common Causes Of Musculoskeletal Pain & Movement Problems Are: ➢ Aging. ➢ Arthritis. [Common] ➢ Back Problems. ➢ Cancer. ➢ Congenital Abnormalities. ➢ Injuries. ➢ Osteoporosis. [Common] ➢ Muscular Dystrophy. ❑ Most People Recover From These Disorders Without Long Term Health Problems.
- 13. BIO-ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS FOR MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY & OSTEOPOROSIS
- 14. BIO-ENGINEERING SOLUTION ❑ The Traditional Method Of Fabricating 3D Muscle Constructs First Developed More Than 25 Years Ago Involves Casting Myogenic Cells Cylindrically Shaped Collagen-I Gel Within A That Is Anchored At The Ends To Porous Felts. ❑ In This System, Cell Mediated Gel Compaction & Remodelling Result In The Generation Of Uniaxial Passive Stress Within The Gel, Which, In Turn, Promotes The Fusion Of Myoblasts Into Myotubes & Also Myotube Alignment.
- 16. BIO-ENGINEERING SOLUTION ❑ Alternatively, Myoblasts Or Mixtures Of Myogenic Precursors & Fibroblasts, Can Be Cultured On Laminin Or Hydrogel Coated Dishes Until Spontaneous Contractions Of Formed Myotubes Detach The Entire Cell Layer, Allowing It To Self-Assemble Into A Cylindrical Tissue Construct Attached At The Ends To Premade Suture Anchors. ❑ Although Cell Alignment Within 3D Constructs Is Not Required For The Formation Of Contractile Myotubes, It Increases Fusion Efficiency While Passive Stress Promotes Both Cell Survival & Myogenesis. ❑ The Most Functional Results Have Been Achieved Using Fibrin Based Gels.
- 18. BIO-ENGINEERING SOLUTION ❑ Rapid Prototyping Techniques For Hydrogel Moulding Can Be Further Used To Vary Local Myofiber Alignment & To Design Complex Muscle Structures & Advanced Biomaterials Can Deliver Angiogenic, Myogenic & Pro- survival Factors To Cells In A Spatiotemporally Controlled Fashion. ❑ In Addition To Using Biomaterial Scaffolds, Scaffold Free Muscle Tissue Constructs Have Been Generated Using Magnetic Fields That Allow The Controlled Assembly Of Magnetically Labelled Cells, As Well As Thermo-responsive Polymers That Allow Controlled Cell Detachment From Culture Surfaces.
- 19. DNA ORIGAMI
- 20. DNA ORIGAMI ❑ DNA Origami Is The Nanoscale Folding Of DNA To Create Arbitrary 2 & 3 Dimensional Shapes At The Nanoscale. ❑ The Specificity Of The Interactions Between Complementary Base Pairs Makes DNA A Useful Construction Material, Through Design Of Its Base Sequences. ❑ DNA Is A Well Understood Material That Is Suitable For Creating Scaffolds That Hold Other Molecules In Place Or To Create Structures All On Its Own. ❑ The Current Method Of DNA Origami Was Developed By Paul Rothemund At The California Institute Of Technology.
- 21. DNA ORIGAMI ❑ The Process Involves The Folding Of A Long Single Strand Of Viral DNA Aided By Multiple Smaller “Staple” Strands. ❑ These Shorter Strands Bind The Longer In Various Places, Resulting In The Formation Of A Pre-defined 2 Or 3 Dimensional Shape. ❑ To Produce A Desired Shape, Images Are Drawn With A Raster Fill Of A Single Long DNA Molecule. ❑ This Design Is Then Fed Into A Computer Program That Calculates The Placement Of Individual Staple Strands. ❑ Each Staple Binds To A Specific Region Of The DNA Template & The Necessary Sequences Of All Staple Strands Are Known & Displayed.
- 22. DNA ORIGAMI ❑ The DNA Is Mixed, Then Heated & Cooled. ❑ As The DNA Cools, The Various Staples Pull The Long Strand Into The Desired Shape. ❑ Designs Are Directly Observable Via Several Methods, Including Electron Microscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy Or Fluorescence Microscopy When DNA Is Coupled To Fluorescent Materials. Self-Assembly Methods Are Considered Cheap, Parallel Alternatives That Of Nanostructures Offer Under Relatively Mild ❑ Bottom-Up Promising Synthesis Conditions.
- 23. DNA ORIGAMI ❑ Since The Creation Of This Method, Software Was Developed To Assist The Process Using CAD Software. ❑ This Allows Researchers To Use A Computer To Determine The Way To Create The Correct Staples Needed To Form A Certain Shape. ❑ One Such Software Called caDNAno Is An Open Source Software For Creating Such Structures From DNA. ❑ The Use Of Software Has Not Only Increased The Ease Of The Process But Has Also Drastically Reduced The Errors Made By Manual Calculations.
- 24. DNA ORIGAMI: HOW IT WORKS ❑ Scaffold: A Long, Single-stranded DNA Molecule Acts As The Base Structure. ❑ Staples: Numerous Short, Designed DNA Strands Are Used To Fold The Scaffold Into The Desired Shape. ❑ Base Pairing: The Specificity Of Base Pairing (A With T, G With C) In DNA Ensures That The Staples Bind To The Scaffold In A Precise Way, Causing It To Fold Into The Pre-determined Shape.
- 27. DNA ORIGAMI: APPLICATIONS ❑Long Strands Of DNA Are Folded Into A Complex Scaffold Of Staple Strands Having 200–300 Nucleotides. ❑This Leads To Formation Of A Complex Structure That Has Characteristic Features Because Of Their Nanoscale Dimensions. ❑These DNA Nanostructures Are Known To Still Be In Their Preliminary Developmental Stages, Since Key Domains, Such As Their Biocompatibility & Physiochemical Characterizations Are Yet To Be Established.
- 28. DNA ORIGAMI: APPLICATIONS ❑ However, Theoretically, DNA Origami Has The Immense Potential To Contribute Significantly In A Wide Range Of Fields, Such As Diagnosis & Drug Delivery. ❑ Cancer Therapy & Diagnosis Is One Such Potential Domain Where DNA Origami Showed Significant Anticancer Efficacy & May Contribute Immensely.
- 29. BIOCOMPUTING
- 30. BIOCOMPUTING ❑ A Computer That Uses Components Of Biological Origin (Such As Molecules Of DNA) Instead Of Electrical Components. ❑ Biocomputing Involves Molecules Like DNA & Using Biological Proteins To Perform Computations, Offering Potential For Faster, More Efficient & Energy Saving Computing Compared To Traditional Silicon Based Computers.
- 31. BIOCOMPUTING ❑ In The Quest To Understand & Model The Healthy Or Sick Human Body, Researchers & Medical Doctors Are Utilizing More & More Quantitative Tools & Techniques. ❑ This Trend Is Pushing The Envelope Of A New Field We Call Biomedical Computing, As An Exciting Frontier Among Signal Processing, Pattern Recognition, Optimization, Nonlinear Dynamics, Computer Science & Biology, Chemistry & Medicine.
- 32. BIOCOMPUTING ❑ Computing Process Which Use Synthesized Biological Components To Store & Manipulate Data Analogous To Processes In The Human Body. ❑ The Result Is Small, Faster Computing Processes That Operates With Great Accuracy. ❑ Main Component Used Is DNA. ❑ The Main Application Is In Disease Prediction & Disease Diagnosis.
- 33. Input s 00 OR O 6 AN D 12 NOT 18 X O R DPGA DNA— UTS Task circuit Outpu t V N T N Computing unit 1 4 03 OR 09 AN D 5 NQ T 2 X O R Algorithm decomposition Subcircuit Intermediat e output Addressin g Subcircui t Subcircuit DNA— UTS 2 1 0 9 Subcircui t Molecular instructions Routin g Inter-DPGA routing Output CNC N Writ e Storage unit DNA origami register Retriev e
- 35. BIOIMAGING
- 36. BIOIMAGING ❑ Bioimaging Is A Non-Invasive Process Of Visualizing Biological Activity In A Specific Period. ❑ It Does Not Inhibit The Various Life Processes Such As Movement, Respiration, Etc. & It Helps To Report The 3D Structure Of Specimens Apart From Inferencing Physically. ❑ It Is Helpful In Connecting The Observation Of Subcellular Structures & All The Tissues In The Multicellular Organisms.
- 37. BIOIMAGING ❑ The Imaging Of Biological Samples Or Bioimaging, Plays A Key Role In Current Life Science Research, Enabling Scientists To Analyze Molecules, Cells & Tissues From A Range Of Living Systems. ❑ Nanoparticle Fluorescence Imaging Has Been Used In Gene Detection, Protein Analysis, Enzyme Activity Evaluation, Element Tracing, Cell Tracking, Early Stage Disease Diagnosis, Tumor Related Research, & Monitoring Real Time Therapeutic Effects.
- 38. BIOIMAGING ❑ Bioimaging Spans The Observation Of Subcellular Structures & Entire Cells Over Tissues Up To Entire Multicellular Organisms. ❑ Among Others, It Uses Light, Fluorescence, Electrons, Ultrasound, X-Ray, Magnetic Resonance & Positrons As Sources For Imaging.
- 40. IMPORTANCE OF BIOIMAGING ❑ Bioimaging Allows In Vivo Imaging Of Biological Cellular Movement Of Signalling, Molecules Processes, Including Interactions & The Through Membranes. ❑ Bioimaging Offers Precise Tracking Of Metabolites That Can Be Used As Biomarkers For Disease Identification, Progress & Treatment Response.
- 42. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN DISEASE DIAGNOSIS
- 43. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN DISEASE DIAGNOSIS (AI) Is Revolutionizing Disease ❑ Artificial Intelligence Diagnosis By Enabling Approache s More Accurate, Efficient & To Identifying & Treating Personalized Illnesses. ❑ AI Algorithms Can Analyse Vast Amounts Of Medical Data, Including Images, Patient Records & Genetic Information, To Identify Patterns & Anomalies That Might Be Missed By Human Eyes. ❑ Artificial Intelligence Can Assist Providers In A Variety Of Patient Care & Intelligent Health Systems.
- 44. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN DISEASE DIAGNOSIS ❑ Artificial Intelligence Techniques Ranging From Machine Learning To Deep Learning Are Prevalent In Healthcare For Disease Diagnosis, Drug Discovery & Patient Risk Identification. ❑ This Leads To Faster & More Precise Diagnoses, Potentially Enabling Earlier Interventions & Improved Patient Outcomes. ❑ Numerous Medical Data Sources Are Required To Perfectly Diagnose Diseases Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques, Such As Ultrasound, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Mammography, Genomics, Computed Tomography Scan, Etc.
- 45. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN DISEASE DIAGNOSIS ❑ Detecting Any Irresistible Ailment Is Nearly An Afterward Movement & Forestalling Its Spread Requires Ongoing Data & Examination. ❑ Hence, Acting Rapidly With Accurate Data Tosses A Significant Effect On The Lives Of Individuals Around The Globe Socially & Financially. ❑ The Best Thing About Applying AI In Health Care Is To Improve From Gathering & Processing Valuable Data To Programming Surgeon Robots.
- 46. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN DISEASE DIAGNOSIS ❑ AI Describes The Capability Of A Machine To Study The Way A Human Learns, E.G. Through Image Identification & Detecting Pattern In A Problematic Situation. ❑ AI In Health Care Alters How Information Gets Composed, Analysed & Developed For Patient Care. ❑ It Includes The Framework’s Views, The Course Of Action Of The Framework & How The Framework Carries On Underneath Clear Conditions. ❑ A Solid Grip Of The Framework Design Can Help The Client Realize The Limits & Boundaries Of The Said Framework.
- 47. FRAMEWORK DESIGN In Pre-Preparing, Real World Information Requires Upkeep Before Being Taken Care Of By The Calculation Because Real World Data Regularly Contains Mistakes. V Information Pre-Preparing Takes This Crude Information, Cycles It, Eliminates Errors & Spares It An Extra Examination. Information Is Purged By Various Strategies In Information Cleaning Like Gathering Information, Information Osmosis (Joined From A Combination Of Sources). The Information Is Then Amended For Any Blend Of Mistakes & Are Quickly Taken Care Of.
- 48. FRAMEWORK DESIGN Information Alteration: Data In This Progression Is Standardized, Which Depends Upon The Given Calculation. Information Standardization Can Be Executed Utilizing Several Ways. This Progression Is Obligatory In Most Information Mining Calculations, As The Information Wants To Be As Perfect As Possible. V Information Is Then Mutual & Developed.
- 51. BIOCONCRETE ❑ Bio-Concrete Is A Self-Healing Form Of Concrete Designed To Repair Its Own Cracks, Which Can Retain Itself To The Original State When It Is Subjected To Cracks. ❑ Bio-Concrete Is A Material That Will Biologically Produce Minerals Like Limestone With The Help Of Bacteria Present In It, Which Will Heal Cracks That Appear On The Concrete Surfaces.
- 52. BIOCONCRETE ❑ Bacterial Self-Healing Is An Innovative Technology Allowing Repairing Open Micro- cracks In Concrete By CaCO3 Precipitation. ❑ This Bio-Technology Improves The Durability Of The Structure. ❑ Rahbar Predicts Self-Healing Concrete Could Extend The Life Of A Structure From 20 Years To 80 Years.
- 53. BIOCONCRETE ❑ To Heal Cracks In The Concrete, Hendrik Jonkers Chose Bacteria (Bacillus Pseudofirmus & B. Cohnii), That Are Able To Produce Limestone On A Biological Basis. ❑ The Positive Side Of This Property Is The Bacteria Consume Oxygen, Which In Turn Prevents The Internal Corrosion Of Reinforced Concrete. ❑ However, The Bacteria Do Not Pose A Risk To Human Health, Since They Can Only Survive Under The Alkaline Conditions Inside The Concrete.
- 54. BIOCONCRETE ❑ Jonkers & His Team Of Researchers Developed 3 Different Bacterial Concrete Mixtures: Self-Healing Concrete, Repair Mortar & A Liquid Repair System. ❑ In Self-Healing Concrete, Bacterial Content Is Integrated During Construction, While The Repair Mortar & Liquid System Only Come Into Play When Acute Damage Has Occurred On Concrete Elements. ❑ Self-Healing Concrete Is The Most Complex Of The 3 Variants. Bacterial Spores Are Encapsulated Within 2 – 4 Millimeter Wide Clay Pellets & Added To The Cement Mix With Separate Nitrogen, Phosphorous & A Nutrient Agent.
- 55. BIOCONCRETE ❑ This Innovative Approach Ensures That Bacteria Can Remain Dormant In The Concrete For Up To 200 Years. ❑ Contact With Nutrients Occurs Only If Water Penetrates Into A Crack & Not While Mixing Cement. ❑ This Variant Is Well-suited For Structures That Are Exposed To Weathering, As Well As Points That Are Difficult To Access For Repair Workers. ❑ Thus, The Need For Expensive & Complex Manual Repairs Is Eliminated.