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BCS classification system : Applications in pharmaceutics
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- 2. Contents • Introduction • Overviewof the Classification system • Applications • Conclusion • References
- 3. Introduction Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) ♥Scientificframework for classifying drug substances based on their aqueous solubility and intestinal permeability What is the need for a classification based on biopharmaceutics of the drug? • Ans. Its importance in determining bioavailability
- 4. ♠ Route ofchoice for the formulators Continues to dominate the area of drug delivery technologies. LIMITATIONS Absorption and Bioavailability in the milieu of gastrointestinal tract. Limitations more prominent with the advent of protein and peptide drugs compounds emerging as a result of combinatorial chemistry and the technique of high throughput screening ORAL ROUTE
- 5. drug solubility drug product qualityattributes API structure salt form and excipients Bioavailability of drug is determined by extent of drug solubility and permeability
- 6. Guidance providedby the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for predicting the intestinal drug absorption The fundamental basis established by Dr. Gordon Amidon Distinguished Science Award (Aug ’06 ,FIP) First introduced into regulatory decision-making process in the guidance document on Immediate Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms: Scale Up And Post Approval Changes Biopharmaceutics Classification System
- 7. Drug developmenttool that allows estimation of the contributions of 3 major factors, that affect oral drug absorption from immediate release solid oral dosage forms Dissolution Solubility Intestinal permeability.
- 8. The Biopharmaceutics ClassificationSystem (BCS) (as defined by the FDA after Amidon)
- 9. SIMILAR IN VIVO DISSOLUTION SIMILARIN VIVO ABSORPTION SIMILAR SYSTEMIC AVAILABILITY Dissolution of drug in vivo Drug Concentration in the Membrane Domain Intestinal Absorption determines proportional Basis of BCS
- 10. (37±100 C in aqueousmedium with pH range of 1-7.5.) A sufficient number of pH conditions ionization characteristics of the test drug substance A minimum of three replicate determinations of solubility in each pH condition Standard buffer solutions described in pharmacopoeias Methods other than shake flask method (with Justification). e g. acid or base titration methods SOLUBILITY DETERMINATION
- 11. ♣ Not justbased on lipophilicity (encompass in vivo effects of efflux and uptake transporters) A. Human studies Mass balance studies Absolute bioavailability studies Intestinal perfusion methods B.In vivo or in situ intestinal perfusion in a suitable animal model C.In vitro permeability methods using excised intestinal tissues D. In vitro permeation studies across a monolayer of cultured epithelial cells.e.g. Caco-2 cells or TC-7 cells Determination of permeability
- 12. DISSOLUTION DETERMINATION USPapparatus I (basket) at 100 rpm or USP apparatus II (paddle) at 50 rpm. Dissolution media (900 ml): 0.1 N HCl or simulated gastric fluid, pH 4.5 buffer, and pH 6.8 buffer or simulated intestinal fluid. Compare dissolution profiles of test and reference products using a similarity factor (f2). 0
- 13. CLASS BOUNDARIES HIGHLY SOLUBLEthe highest dose strength is soluble in < 250 ml water over a pH range of 1 to 7.5. The volume estimate-a glassful (8 ounce) HIGHLY PERMEABLE when the extent of absorption in humans is determined to be > 90% of an administered dose RAPIDLY DISSOLVING when > 85% of the labeled amount of drug substance dissolves within 30 minutes using USP apparatus I or II in a volume of < 900 ml buffer solutions.
- 14. BCS Class Boundaries:Objectives Dissolution (Product) Solubility (Drug) Permeabilit y (Drug) Rapid dissolution - ensure that in vivo dissolution is not likely to be the “rate determining” step High solubility- ensure that solubility is not likely to limit dissolution and, therefore, absorption High permeability - ensure that drug is completely absorbed during the limited transit time through the small intestine
- 16. BCS -Implications fordrug developmentЖApplication in early drug development and then in the management of product change through its life cycle ЖAids fundamental understanding of the biopharmaceutical and physical properties of the drug ЖAids discriminatory dissolution method development ЖCan help guide the development of in-vitro/in-vivo correlations ЖCan be used to obtain a biowaiver ЖDevelopment of poorly soluble drugs
- 17. This classification isassociated with drug dissolution and absorption model, which identifies the key parameters controlling drug absorption as a set of dimensionless numbers viz BCS defines 3 numbers (no units) An ~ absorption number Do ~ dose number Dn ~ dissolution number
- 18. ( ) ABS GI GI eff T T T R P An = = Effectivepermeability Radius of GI Residence time in GI Time required for complete absorption Absorption Number A function of GI Permeability to Drug Substance
- 19. = S Water C V D Do Highest Dose Unit 250mL Solubility Dose Number A function of solubility of drug substance
- 20. Solubility mg/mL ( ) = = DISS GI GI S T T T C r D Dn ρ2 3 Diffusivity 5x10-6 cm2 /s Density 1.2mg/cm3 Particle Radius 25 µm Residence time in GI 180 min Time required for complete dissolution Dissolution Number A function of drug release from formulation
- 22. IVIVC expectations forimmediate release products based on BCS Class Solubility Permeability Absorption rate control IVIVC expectations for Immediate release product I High High Gastric emptying IVIVC expected, if dissolution rate is slower than gastric emptying rate, otherwise limited or no correlations II Low High Dissolution IVIVC expected, if in vitro dissolution rate is similar to in vivo dissolution rate, unless dose is very high. III High Low Permeability Absorption (permeability) is rate determining and limited or no IVIVC with dissolution. IV Low Low Case by case Limited or no IVIVC is expected.
- 23. High Solubility LowSolubilityHighPermeability Class 1 Abacavir Acetaminophen Acyclovirb AmilorideS,I Amitryptyline S,I Antipyrine Atropine Buspironec Caffeine Captopril ChloroquineS,I Chlorpheniramine Cyclophosphamide Desipramine Diazepam Diltiazem S,I Diphenhydramine Disopyramide Doxepin Doxycycline Enalapril Ephedrine Ergonovine Ethambutol Ethinyl Estradiol FluoxetineI Glucose ImipramineI Ketorolac Ketoprofen Labetolol LevodopaS Levofloxacin S LidocaineI Lomefloxacin Meperidine Metoprolol Metronidazole MidazolamS,I Minocycline Misoprostol Nifedipine S Phenobarbital Phenylalanine Prednisolone PrimaquineS Promazine Propranolol I Quinidine S,I Rosiglitazone Salicylic acid Theophylline Valproic acid Verapamil I Zidovudine Class 2 Amiodarone I AtorvastatinS, I AzithromycinS ,I Carbamazepine S,I Carvedilol Chlorpromazine I CisaprideS Ciprofloxacin S Cyclosporine S, I Danazol Dapsone Diclofenac Diflunisal Digoxin S Erythromycin S,I Flurbiprofen Glipizide GlyburideS,I Griseofulvin Ibuprofen Indinavir S Indomethacin Itraconazole S,I Ketoconazole I LansoprazoleI Lovastatin S,I Mebendazole Naproxen Nelfinavir S,I Ofloxacin Oxaprozin Phenazopyridine PhenytoinS Piroxicam Raloxifene S Ritonavir S,I Saquinavir S,I Sirolimus S Spironolactone I Tacrolimus S,I TalinololS Tamoxifen I Terfenadine I Warfarin
- 24. High Solubility LowSolubilityLowPermeability Class 3 Acyclovir AmilorideS,I AmoxicillinS,I Atenolol Atropine Bisphosphonates Bidisomide Captopril Cefazolin Cetirizine Cimetidine S CiprofloxacinS Cloxacillin DicloxacillinS ErythromycinS,I Famotidine FexofenadineS Folinic acid Furosemide Ganciclovir Hydrochlorothiazide Lisinopril Metformin Methotrexate Nadolol PravastatinS Penicillins RanitidineS Tetracycline TrimethoprimS Valsartan Zalcitabine Class 4 Amphotericin B Chlorthalidone Chlorothiazide Colistin CiprofloxacinS Furosemide Hydrochlorothiazide Mebendazole Methotrexate Neomycin
- 25. Applications of BCSin oral drug delivery technology Achieve a target release profile associated with a particular pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic profile. Formulation approaches include both control of release rate and certain physicochemical properties of drugs like pH-solubility profile of drug. Class I - High Permeability, High Solubility
- 26. Micronisation, Addition of surfactants, Formulationas emulsions and microemulsions systems, Use of complexing agents like cyclodextrins Class II - High Permeability, Low Solubility
- 27. Require thetechnologies that address to fundamental limitations of absolute or regional permeability. Peptides and proteins constitute the part of class III and the technologies handling such materials are on rise now days Class III - Low Permeability, High Solubility
- 28. Class IV -Low Permeability, Low Solubility ♫Major challenge for development of drug delivery system and the route of choice for administering such drugs is parenteral (solubility enhancers.) ♫Fortunately, extreme examples are the exception rather than the rule and are rarely developed and reach the market
- 29. Biowaiver A biowaiveris an exemption from conducting human bioequivalence studies when the active ingredient(s) meet certain solubility and permeability criteria in vitro and when the dissolution profile of the dosage form meets the requirements for an "immediate" release dosage form.
- 30. Waiver of InVivo Bioequivalence Study based on Pharmaceutical Dosage Form (Solutions) Biopharmaceutics Classification System Dose. (Highest Strength should be tested)
- 31. BCS BIOWAIVER Biowaiverfor Rapid and similar dissolution. High solubility &High permeability. Wide therapeutic window. Excipients used in dosage form used previously in approved IR solid dosage forms.
- 32. REQUEST FOR BIOWAIVERS DataSupporting :- Rapid and Similar Dissolution High Permeability High Solubility
- 33. Limitations of BCSas a Predictor of Drug Disposition Ω Permeability (90% absorption) is difficult to determine, and difficult to convince the regulatory agency . Ω There is little predictability for BCS classification drugs beyond Class 1 primarily due to the difficulty of determining and proving 90% absorption. many drugs are misclassified (e.g. HIV protease inhibitors as Class 4 compounds)).
- 34. Conclusion BCS aimsto provide a regulatory tool for replacing certain BE studies by accurate in- vitro dissolution tests.. This increased awareness of a proper biopharmaceutical characterization of new drugs may in the future result in drug molecules with a sufficiently high permeability, solubility and dissolution rate, and that will automatically increase the importance of the BCS as a regulatory tool over time
- 35. References: Draft guidancefor industry, waiver of in vivo bioavailability and bioequivalence studies for immediate release solid oral dosage forms containing certain active moieties/ active ingredients based on a biopharmaceutic classification system, february 1999, CDER/FDA. Amidon G.L., Lennernas H., Shah V.P., Crison J.R.A., A theoretical basis for a biopharmaceutic drug classification: the correlation of in vitro drug product dissolution and in vivo bioavailability. Pharm. Res. 12: 413-420 (1995). Guidance for industry, immediate release solid oral dosage forms: scale up and post approval changes, november 1995, CDER/FDA. Medicamento generico from website http://www.Anvisa.Go/.
- 36. Devane J.,Oral drug delivery technology: addressing the solubility/ permeability paradigm, pharm. Technol. 68-74, november 1998 Amidon, G. L.,Lennernäs H., Shah V. P., And crisonj. R., A theoretical basis for a biopharmaceutics drug classification: the correlation of in vitro drug product dissolution and in vivo bioavailability, Pharmaceutical research, 12: 413-420 (1995) Guidance for Industry: Dissolution Testing of Immediate Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms, FDA CDER, 1997 http://www.fda.gov/cder/guidance/1713bp1.pdf Guidance for Industry: Waiver of In Vivo Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Studies for Immediate Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms Based on a Biopharmaceutics Classification System, FDA CDER, August 2000 http://www.fda.gov/cder/guidance/3618fnl.htm
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