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![The Ideological Struggle
Soviet &
Eastern Bloc
Nations
US & the
Western
Democracies
GOAL spread world-
wide Communism
GOAL “Containment”
of Communism & the
eventual collapse of the
Communist world.
METHODOLOGIES:
Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]
Arms Race [nuclear escalation]
Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of
Third World peoples “proxy wars”
Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/beginningofthecoldwar-230429182110-14441564/75/Beginning_of_the_Cold_War-ppt-2-2048.jpg)
![Truman Doctrine [1947]
• Containment – stopping the spread of
Communism, but not eliminating it from
countries that already are communist
• 1947: Greece and Turkey under threat of
communist parties
• The U. S. should support free peoples
throughout the world who were resisting
takeovers by armed minorities or outside
pressure.
• The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million
in aid.
• Aid will be provided
to other nations
under threat from
communism](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/beginningofthecoldwar-230429182110-14441564/75/Beginning_of_the_Cold_War-ppt-10-2048.jpg)
![Marshall Plan [1948]
• Western European nations
threatened by Communism
because of instability
• The U. S. should provide
aid to all European nations
that need it.
• “This move is not against any
country or doctrine, but
against hunger, poverty,
desperation, and chaos.”
• $12.5 billion of US aid to
Western Europe extended to
Eastern Europe & USSR, [but
this was rejected]
Sec of State George
Marshall](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/beginningofthecoldwar-230429182110-14441564/75/Beginning_of_the_Cold_War-ppt-11-2048.jpg)
Beginning_of_the_Cold_War.ppt
- 1.
- 2. The Ideological Struggle Soviet& Eastern Bloc Nations US & the Western Democracies GOAL spread world- wide Communism GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world. METHODOLOGIES: Espionage [KGB vs. CIA] Arms Race [nuclear escalation] Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples “proxy wars” Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]
- 3. A. Roots of theCold War
- 4. Shaping of thePost-War World • The 2 sides disagreed what model the world should follow • Yalta violated by both sides
- 5. The Bipolarization ofEurope • West takes after the U.S. • East takes after the Soviet Union
- 6. The “Iron Curtain” FromStettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946 • Divide between Eastern & Western Europe
- 7. Partition of Germany •4zones of influence after WWII •Soviet Union wanted to punish Germany for WWII •US (& Allies) wanted to rebuild
- 8.
- 9. George Kennan &The Long Telegram & Article X • U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union • 1946 – writes the “Long Telegram” and later Article X • To Truman: the Soviets are expanding & they must be contained “The Soviets ideology is the outside world was hostile and that it was their duty eventually to overthrow the political forces beyond their borders”
- 10. Truman Doctrine [1947] •Containment – stopping the spread of Communism, but not eliminating it from countries that already are communist • 1947: Greece and Turkey under threat of communist parties • The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressure. • The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid. • Aid will be provided to other nations under threat from communism
- 11. Marshall Plan [1948] •Western European nations threatened by Communism because of instability • The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations that need it. • “This move is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.” • $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected] Sec of State George Marshall
- 13.
- 14. Independence? • 1948 –the U.S., France, & Britain wanted Germany to become independent • Soviet Union does not & takes Berlin Hostage • Became a symbolic issue
- 15. Berlin Blockade &Airlift (1948-49) •Soviet Union cuts off all ground transportation in and out of Berlin •June 1948 – May 1949 U.S. had to fly all supplies into Berlin •277,000 flights and 2 million tons of supplies •U.S. would win & blockade ended
- 17. The End Effect •Germany would be divided into 2 nations • West Germany: Democratic • East Germany: Communist • Berlin continued to be divided
- 18.
- 19. North Atlantic Treaty Organization(1949) United States Belgium Britain Canada Denmark France Iceland Italy Luxemburg Netherlands Norway Portugal 1952: Greece & Turkey 1955: West Germany 1983: Spain
- 20. Warsaw Pact (1955) }U. S. S. R. } Albania } Bulgaria } Czechoslovakia } East Germany } Hungary } Poland } Rumania
- 21. Two Nuclear Powers }The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in 1949.
- 23. Hydrogen Bomb • Bothnow wanted stronger nuclear weapons • U.S. 1st to test a Hydrogen Bomb in Nov. 1952 • Soviet Union tested theirs in August 1953
- 24. The Arms Race •Both nations will now compete to develop and create more nuclear weapons
- 25.
- 26.
- 27. China: 1949 • CivilWar ends • Becomes communist under Mao Zedong – Called the People’s Republic of China • Seen as a major failure of containment • Nationalists set up their own government in Taiwan called the Republic of China
- 28. United Nations dealswith China • Which China gets the seat in the UN? • ROC given the seat • Soviet Union will boycott in protest
- 29. War in Korea 1950-1953 •Korea divided at the end of WWII at 38th parallel • 1950: N. Korea invaded S. Korea • U.S. didn’t want containment to fail • Pressures UN to invade
- 30. • Troops ledby MacArthur • Takes war into N. Korea • China enters the war War in Korea 1950-1953
- 31. • Mac wantsto use the A- bomb • Truman fires him • Negotiations begin for a cease-fire • Achieved in 1953 War in Korea 1950-1953
- 32.
- 33. Massive Retaliation • Createdby Sec. of State Dulles • Rejection of Containment • 2 Principals: 1. Encourage Liberation 2. Retaliation • Brinkmanship – being on the verge of war • “New Look Military” Eisenhower scales back army & navy in favor of nuclear capabilities
- 34. Death of Stalin(1953) • Nikita Khrushchev becomes premier • Believed in “peaceful coexistence” • Agreement at Geneva Summit (1955) for nuclear disarmament • Relations sour after Hungarian Uprising in 1956 “We will bury you”
- 35. Sputnik (1957) • Sovietsatellite launched into space • Showed the U.S. falling behind technologically • National Defense Education Act (NDEA): rigorous education program – Science – Math – Foreign Lang. • 1958: U.S. launches satellite Explorer I • NASA formed in 1958
- 36. Berlin (Again) • 1958:Khrushchev issues ultimatum – Get out of W. Berlin • Eisenhower refuses to give in • Send Nixon to U.S.S.R in 1959 – Kitchen Debates • Khrushchev visits for 2 weeks • 2 countries agree to summit in 1960 to discuss issues
- 37. U-2 Incident • U-2Spy plane shot down May 1960 • U.S. denied it was spying • U.S.S.R proved they were • Happened 10 days before planned summit • Worst U.S – Soviet relations since Stalin
- 38.
- 39. Fidel Castro • January1, 1959, wrestles control from Fulgencio Batista • Reason? – Too much American control in Cuba • Tries to visit U.S. – Ike refuses to meet with him • Nationalizes all U.S. property
- 40. Alliance with theU.S.S.R • Sept 1959, Khrushchev offers aid • Castro accepts – turns Cuba communist • 1960: U.S. begins plotting against Castro & breaks off diplomatic ties • Castro encourages Latin America to have Communist Revolutions