Big Geo Data: Open Source and Open Standards

®
®
Big Geo Data
Open Standards and Open Source
Geospatial Track of Apache Big Data Conference
George Percivall
CTO, Chief Engineer
Open Geospatial Consortium
percivall@myogc.org
© 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium

OGC®
Geospatial Track of Apache Big Data 2016
• Spatial data is big data
• Apache projects are implementing geospatial functionalities.
• Coordination of spatial implementations across Apache projects
• Open standards to increase interoperability and code reuse.
Organizers: Chris Mattmann, Martin Desruisseaux, Sergio Fernández,
Ram Sriharsha, and George Percivall

OGC®
Big Geo Data
• Applications of Big Geo Data
• Geospatial Open Standards
• Big Geo Use Cases
• Open Source and Open Standards.

OGC®
Earth Observations
• Big Earth Data Initiative (BEDI) - Standardizing and optimizing collection,
delivery of U.S. Government’s civil Earth observation data.
• Sentinel satellites operated by ESA in the framework of the Copernicus
programme funded and managed by the European Commission.
4
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
FY00 FY01 FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13
Volume(PBs)
Multi-year Total Archive Volume (PBs) Trend

OGC®
Ecology Mapping
• 1 km sq grid of US each with
nine variables, e.g., days below
freezing, amount of precipitation
in growing season
• Unsupervised statistical
multivariate clustering
• Domains: tundra, prairie, alpine,
and southeastern forest
The united domains of America.
Scientists divided the United States
ndependent, would take full advantage of NEON. To many, the program looked like "LTER on
Williams. "It was not a good-enough plan."
evaluation by the U.S. National Academies. The
l Research Council (NRC) report endorsed NEON in
ed that the program be reoriented around six specific
ns, including biodiversity and land use. Each
e the focus of one observatory (Science, 26
p. 1828). "It forced us to look at large-scale
ses and large-scale drivers of change," says NSF's
Nonetheless, Congress chose not to give NSF
o begin construction, the third time in 4 years it had
g NEON.
shape
Science 23 April 2010:
Vol. 328. no. 5977, pp. 418 - 420 DOI:
10.1126/science.328.5977.418
NSF NEON Ecological Domains

OGC®
Transportation
• To reduce traffic congestion, trip demand data collected using transportation
surveys
• GPS based data collection of trip information is applicable, with the broad
availability of location enabled mobile devices
• The GPS tracks are encoded by Moving Features to enable sharing by many
stakeholders such as local governments, bus companies, and so on.
Transportation survey
1234
3456
2345
4567
1234
3456
12hr total
24hr total
123
234
3456
4567
3456
7890
Traffic DemandsTraffic Congestions
Smart phones
People in the city
Tracks measured by GPS
(encoded by Moving Features)
Source: Akinori Asahara, Hitachi – OGC TC, October 2015

OGC®
Contexts &
Possibilities
PRESENT
Behaviors &
Actuals
PAST
Predictions &
Potentials
FUTURE
Source: Jon Spinney, Location Intelligence, Pitney Bowes
Location Based Marketing

OGC®
City Models for Smart Cities
• Berlin
• >500,000 buildings upto
Level of Detail 4
• Modeled according to
CityGML
• Basis for real estate
• Integration of sensors
• New York
• 1M buildings plus roads at
LoD 1
• NYC Open data
• Next - Underground critical
infrastructure
www.virtual-berlin.de
Source: Nagel, Kolbe, 2010© 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium

OGC®
Geospatial Standards
• Location
• Geometry
• Features
• Coverages
• Sensors and Observations
• Processing, Analytics
• Web Services

OGC®
Power of Location
• 1st law of geography: "Everything is related to everything else, but
near things are more related than distant things.”
– Waldo Tobler
• By measuring entropy of individual’s trajectory, we find 93% potential
predictability in user mobility
– Limits of Predictability in Human Mobility, Science 2010
• “Location targeting is holy grail for marketers”
– Sir Martin Sorrell, CEO WPP at Mobile World Congress

OGC®
Coordinate Reference Systems
• Coordinate
– one of a sequence of N numbers
designating the position of a point in N-
dimensional space
• Coordinate Systems
– Cartesian 2D and 3D
– Spherical (3D), Polar (2D)
– Cylindrical
– Linear - along a path
– Ellipsoidal
• Coordinate Reference System
– coordinate system related to
real world by a datum
• Examples
– Geographic
– Geocentric
– Vertical
– Engineering
– Image
– Temporal
– Derived CRS, e.g., projections
Reference ISO 19111 and OGC Abstract Spec Topic 2

What is Geodesy? 12OGC
Latitude is not unique !
f1
f2
nor is Longitude
f1 f2
Due to different
Geodetic Datums:

Mercator
projection
Globular
projection
Orthographic
projection
Stereographic
projection
A familiarly shaped ‘continent’ in different map
projections

What errors can you expect?
 Wrong geodetic datum:
q several hundreds of metres
 Incorrect ellipsoid:
q horizontally: several tens of metres
q height: not effected, or tens to several hundred metres
 Wrong map projection:
 entirely the wrong projection:
hundreds, even thousands of kilometres (at least easy to spot!)
 partly wrong (i.e. one or more parameters are wrong):
several metres to many hundreds of kilometres
 No geodetic metadata  coordinates cannot be interpreted
 datum
 ellipsoid
 prime meridian
 map projection

OGC®
Hiding Geospatial Complexity
Martin Desruisseaux, Geomatys, presentation tomorrow
about Apache SIS Project
• It is tempting to ignore the complexity of geospatial
international standards on the assumption that everyone
today uses coordinates given by GPS.
• Apache SIS methods handle a lot of this complexity
• Martin will show example of what happen under the hood
during a cube transformation, for demonstrating what the
developers gain with SIS.

OGC®
Geospatial Information
Feature Data Coverage Data
Metadata Maps

OGC®
Simple Geometries for Simple Feature
OGC simple features (ISO 1923) geometries are restricted to 0, 1 and 2-
dimensional geometric objects that exist in 2-dimensional coordinate space (R2).

OGC®
A/B A B A B A B
A B A B ABA
Equals Touches Overlaps Contains
Within Disjoint Intersects Crosses
OGC Simple Features
Topological Relations between Spatial Objects

OGC®
– ogcf:relate(geom1: ogc:WKTLiteral, geom2: ogc:WKTLiteral,
patternMatrix: xsd:string): xsd:boolean
– ogcf:sfEquals(geom1: ogc:WKTLiteral,
geom2: ogcf:WKTLiteral): xsd:boolean
– ogcf:sfDisjoint(geom1: ogc:WKTLiteral,
– ogcf:sfIntersects(geom1: ogc:WKTLiteral,
– ogcf:sfTouches(geom1: ogc:WKTLiteral,
– ogcf:sfCrosses(geom1: ogc:WKTLiteral,
– ogcf:sfWithin(geom1: ogc:WKTLiteral,
– ogcf:sfContains(geom1: ogc:WKTLiteral,
– ogcf:sfOverlaps(geom1: ogc:WKTLiteral,
GeoSPARQL for Topological Query Functions

OGC®
Geographic Features
Encodings
Access
Implementation
Specifications
Concepts Vocabulary
Structure
Abstract Models
<MultiGeometry gid="c731"
srsName="http://www.opengis.net/gml/srs/epsg.xml#4326">
<geometryMember>
<Point
gid="P6776"> <Coord><x>50.0</x><y>50.0</y></Coord>
</Point> </geometryMember>
<geometryMember> <LineString
gid="L21216"> <Coord><x>0.0</x><y>0.0</y></Coord> <
Coord><x>0.0</x><y>50.0</y></Coord> <Coord><x>100.0
</x><y>50.0</y></Coord> </LineString> </geometryMem
ber> <geometryMember> </MultiGeometry>

OGC®
OGC Geography Markup Language
Two Different Usage Patterns
• Thematic communities describe
spatial datasets: Cadastre,
Topography, Geology,
Hydrography, Meteorology,
Aviation, City Models, etc.
• Embed location in other XML
grammars: GeoRSS,
GeoSPARQL (OGC), Geopriv
(IETF), POI (W3C), Sensor Web
(OGC), etc.
GML:
Geometry, Time, Features,
Reference Systems
Mapping
XML Technologies (W3C)
CityModels
Cadastre
Geology
WebFeeds
...

OGC®
CityGML – Geometry and Semantics
CityGML: (Up to) Complex objects with structured geometry
Semantics Geometry
– Geometric entities know WHAT they are
– Semantic entities know WHERE they are and what their spatial
extents are

OGC®
CityGML and IndoorGML
1st layer: Topographic space model
– building structure
– geometric-topological model
– network for route planning
2nd layer: Sensor space model
– Radio/Beacon footprints
– coverage of sensor areas
– transition between sensor areas

OGC®
OGC Moving Features
• "Moving features" - vehicles, pedestrians, airplanes, ships.
– This is Big Data – high volume, high velocity.
• CSV and XML encodings

OGC®
Spatial Temporal Geometry
time
Spatial
plane
1 prism = 1 leaf + 1 sweep
(&attribute)
End leaf of tracks
id=1
Id=2
11:11:20.835 11:11:26.215 11:11:28.021 11:11:30.127
(C)
(B)
(D)
(A)
OGC Moving Features Standard implements ISO 19141

OGC®
Social Media in Geospatial Analysis
Social
Media
APIs
Silos
GeoSPARQL
Linked Data
REST API
Web
Access
Layer
Human-
oriented
Clients
. . .
OGC Interfaces for Social Media
Social Media
Analysis WPS

OGC®
Geospatial Coverages
• Pixel grid (e.g., visible brightness)

OGC®
• Pixel grid (land use / land cover)

OGC®
• Point grid (e.g., wind speed & direction)

OGC®
• Triangulated irregular network (TIN)

OGC®
OGC Point Clouds
• WG established in
2015
• Focus on all types of
point clouds:
LiDAR/laser,
bathymetric,
meteorologic,
photogrammetric…

OGC®
Web Coverage Processing Service
• Query Language for nD sensor, image, simulation, statistics data
– Syntax close to XQuery (WCPS 2.0: integration)
• Ex: "From MODIS scenes M1, M2, and M3, the difference between red and nir, as TIFF
where nir exceeds 127 somewhere”
for $c in ( M1, M2, M3 )
where some( $c.nir > 127 )
return encode( $c.red - $c.nir, “image/tiff“ )
(tiff1,
tiff2)

OGC®
Geospatial Analytics
• Analytic exploitation of the space-time features will usher in
advances in high-quality prediction systems.
– Space time features: the highest order bits - Jonas, Tucker
• Using algorithmic extraction and big data graphs to create
and relate entities on the Web, organising them through a
semantic taxonomy and enabling natural access
– The future is ‘Where’" - S. Lawler, Bing

OGC®
Discrete Global Grid Systems
National
Nested
Grid
SCENZ-Grid
Earth System Spatial Grid
Snyder Grid

OGC®
Space Filling Curves
A few different choices…

OGC®
Sensors Everywhere
(Things or Devices)
50 billions Internet-connected things by 2020

OGC®
OGC Sensor Web Enablement
• Quickly discover sensors and sensor data (secure or
public) that can meet my needs – location, observables,
quality, ability to task
• Obtain sensor information in a standard encoding that is
understandable by me and my software
• Readily access sensor observations in a common manner,
and in a form specific to my needs
• Task sensors, when possible, to meet my specific needs
• Subscribe to and receive alerts when a sensor measures a
particular phenomenon

OGC®
OGC SensorThings for IoT
• Builds on OGC Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) standards
that are operational around the world
• Builds on Web protocols; easy-to-use RESTful style
• OGC candidate standard for open access to IoT devices
http://ogc-iot.github.io/ogc-iot-api/datamodel.html

OGC®
OGC Essentials
• Simple Features for SQL: Fundamental geometries and
operations which underlie all OGC standards.
• Well Known Text: Text encoding of Simple Features
geometries
• Well Known Binary: binary encoding of Well Known Text.
• CQL/Filter: Common Query Language and Filter language
• GeoPackage: SQLlite for geospatial
• WMTS Simple Tile Matrix

OGC®
OGC Big Geo Data White Paper
Big Geo Data
Applications
Use Cases
for Big Geo Data
Open
Standards
Open Source
Projects
Use Cases
Reuse across
Applications
Code reuse based
on standards
Context for
use cases Implementation
of Use Cases

OGC®
Use Cases for Big Geo Data
High Velocity
Ingest
GeoAnalytics,
Machine Learning
Geospatial
Databases
Spatial
Modeling
Observation
Sources
Users and
consuming
apps

OGC®
Use Cases for Big Geo Data
High Velocity
Ingest
GeoAnalytics,
Machine Learning
Geospatial
Databases
Spatial
Modeling
Observation
Sources
Users and
consuming
apps
IoT
Message
Streaming
Social Media
Message
Processing
ETL Stream
processing using
RDF
Wide Area
Motion
Imagery
Entity-oriented
Spatial-temporal
analytics
Grid-oriented
Spatial-temporal
analytics
Feature
Fusion
Remote
sensed data
processing
Machine
Learning
Array
databases
NoSQL
databases
Graph
databases
Built
environment
models
Integrated
environmental
models
Modeling
and simulation

OGC®
High Velocity Ingest - Use Cases
• Open Source Projects
– Apache Kafka, Apache NiFi, Apache Jena,
– SensorHub, SensorUp
• Open Standards
– IoT: MQTT, COAP, IPSO,
– OGC Sensor Web Enablement (SWE),
SensorThings
– RDF, OWL, GeoSPARQL,
– Web Processing Service (WPS)
– Wide Area Motion Imagery (WAMI)
High Velocity
Ingest
Observation
Sources
IoT
Message
Streaming
Social Media
Message
Processing
ETL Stream
processing using
RDF
Wide Area
Motion
Imagery
DRAFT

OGC®
GeoAnalytics, Machine Learning Use Cases
– Apache: Accumulo, Storm, Lucene, Hadoop,
SIS, Magellan, Marmotta, Mahout, Spark
– LocationTech: GeoWave, GeoTrellis,
GeoMesa, GeoJinni, JTS Topology Suite
– OSGeo: GDAL/OGR, OSSIM, pycsw
– Others: MrGeo, MonetDB
• Open Standards
– OGC Simple Features, DGGS
– GeoTIFF, NetCDF, HDF encodings
– Web Processing Service (WPS)
GeoAnalytics,
Machine Learning
Entity-oriented
Spatial-temporal
analytics
Grid-oriented
Spatial-temporal
analytics
Feature
Fusion
Remote
sensed data
processing
Machine
Learning
DRAFT

OGC®
Geospatial Databases Use Cases
– Apache: Accumulo, Lucene/Solr, Cassandra, SIS,
Marmotta
– OSGeo: degree, GeoServer, OpenLayers, QGIS
– EarthServer, THREDDS, Raster Storage Archive
– MonetDB
• Open Standards
– Web Feature Service (WFS)
– Web Coverage Service (WCS)
– Web Map Service (WMS)
– Geography Markup Language (GML)
Geospatial
Databases
Array
databases
NoSQL
databases
Graph
databases DRAFT

OGC®
Spatial Modeling Use Case
– Apache SIS
– CityDB
– Cesium
• Open Standards
– CityGML
– OpenMI
– OGC CDB
Spatial
Modeling
Built
environment
models
Integrated
environmental
models
Modeling
and simulation
DRAFT

OGC®
Open Source and Open Standards
• Importance of coordination
– “Having just one implementation of something is risky” - Tom Hardie,
IETF
– Need to define stable interfaces with stable standard reference
– Protocols, Interfaces and encodings documented in open standards
• Open Standards use of Open Source
– Reference Implementations of Open Standards
– Code snippets in Open Standards.

OGC®
Commercial
39%
Government
27%
NGO
8%
Research
6%
University
20%
The Open Geospatial Consortium
Not-for-profit, international voluntary consensus standards
organization; leading development of geospatial standards
• Founded in 1994
• 515+ member organizations
• 48 standards
• Thousands of implementations
• Broad user community
implementation worldwide
• Alliances and collaborative activities
with ISO and many other SDO’s
Afric…
Asia
Pacific…
Europe
209Middle
East
34
North
Americ…
South
America
3

OGC®
Apache BD Geospatial Track - Tuesday
• Open Geospatial Standards and Open Source
– George Percivall, Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC)
• Magellan: Spark as a Geospatial Analytics Engine
– Ram Sriharsha
• Applying Geospatial Analytics Using Apache Spark Running on Apache Mesos
– Adam Mollenkopf, Esri
• SciSpark: MapReduce in Atmospheric Sciences
– Kim Whitehall, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
• Geospatially Enable Your Hadoop, Accumulo, and Spark Applications with
LocationTech Projects
– Robert Emanuele, Azavea

OGC®
Apache BD Geospatial Track - Wednesday
• Hiding Some of Geospatial Complexity
– Martin Desruisseaux, Geomatys
• Geospatial Querying in Apache Marmotta
– Sergio Fernandez, Redlink GmbH
• Spatial Data Based People/Vehicles Trails Analysis to Support
Precision Urban Planning
– Yonghua (Henry) Zeng, IBM
• Crowd Learning for Indoor Positioning
– Thomas Burgess, indoo.rs GmbH

OGC®
Geospatial Track Wrap-up
• After the sessions on Wednesday at 5:10 in room Plaza A
• Discussions
– Is there interest in coordination across projects?
– Is there interest in coordination outside of Apache?
• Future events
– FOSS4G in Bonn in August, 24 – 26
– Apache in Seville in November

OGC®
The Open Geospatial Consortium
Open Geospatial Consortium
www.opengeospatial.org
OGC Standards - freely available
www.opengeospatial.org/standards
OGC on YouTube
http://www.youtube.com/user/ogcvideo
George Percivall
gpercivall@opengeospatial.org

Big Geo Data: Open Source and Open Standards

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