biodiversity.pptx

biodiversity.pptx

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  BIODIVERSITY Mr. Arif AhmadNajar Tutor COPMS, Adesh University Bathinda, Punjab
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  BIODIVERSITY - DEFINITION •The term biodiversity was coined by E.O. Wilson in 1985. • The term Biodiversity is contraction of term Biological Diversity. • Biodiversity: Defined as The variety & variability among living organisms and the Ecological complexes in which they occur. OR It is the measure of relative density among living organisms present in different ecosystems • It is said to be biological wealth of a country or region.
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  IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY •It plays an important role in in the formation & enriching soil. • Biodiversity influences the water cycle and biochemical cycles in the ecosystem. • Important for the proper functioning of many organisms and ecosystems. • Human population depends on the varieties of plants & animals for their food, clothing, shelter, etc. • Biological wealth of a country or region.
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  TYPES OR LEVELSOF BIODIVERSITY GENETIC DIVERSITY SPECIES DIVERSITY ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY
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  GENETIC DIVERSITY • Geneticdiversity is the amount of variation in genetic material (DNA) within a species or within a population. • The magnitude of variation in genes of a species increases with increase in size and environmental parameters of the habitat. • Genetic diversity has the following importance: • (i) It helps in speciation or evolution of new species; • (ii) It is useful in adaptation to changes in environmental conditions; • (iii) It is important for agricultural productivity and development
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  SPECIES DIVERSITY • SpeciesDiversity refers to the variety of different types of living things on earth such as plants, bacteria, mammals, insects, etc. within a region. • Species can be defined as a group or population of similar organisms that reproduce by interbreeding within the group. • To accurately determine species diversity, both the species richness, which is the number of different species, and the relative abundance, which is the number of individuals within each species, must be considered. • The species richness depends largely on climatic conditions.
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  ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY • EcosystemDiversity describes the assemblage and Interaction of spices living together and the physical environment of a given area. • It relates varieties of habitats, biotic communities ecological processes in biosphere. • It also tells about the diversity within the ecosystem. For example, the landscapes like grass lands, deserts, mountains etc. show ecosystem diversity. • The ecosystem diversity is due to diversity of niches, trophic levels and ecological processes like nutrient cycling, food webs, energy flow, role of dominant species and various related biotic interactions. • Such type of diversity can generate more productive and stable ecosystems or communities capable of tolerating various types of stresses e.g. drought, flood etc.
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  HOT SPOTS OFBIODIVERSITY • The area which exhibit high species richness as well as high species endemism & are threatened by human activities are termed as Hot Spots of Biodiversity. • There are about 36 biodiversity hotspots world wide. They once covered 15.7% of the earth’s land surface, 86% of these Hotspot habitat has already been destroyed. The intact remnants of the Hotspots now cover only 2.5% of the earth’s land surface. • Hotspots cover about 50% of terrestrial biodiversity. About 40% terrestrial plants, 25% vertebrate species (Endemic) • Broadly Hotspots are in the Western Amazon, Madagascar, North & East Borneo, North-Eastern Australia, West Africa & Brazilian Amazon forests • Out of these Hotspots TWO Hotspots are in INDIA & are present in Eastern Himalayas & Western Ghats.
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  THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY •In the 20th century, the human impact has been so severe that thousands of species & varieties of plant and animal life become extinct annually. • Number of animal species have become extinct due to natural forces like: • Volcanic eruption, • Earthquakes, glaciations, • Desertification, • Global warming, • Soil erosion, • Floods, droughts • Forest fires • Eutrophication, etc .
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  THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY •The main causes of loss of biodiversity are: 1) Loss of Natural Habitats or Destruction of Habitats: Habitat destruction is responsible for about 80% of the extinction of the species. • Natural forests and grasslands have been the natural homes of thousands of species of wild life. • Habitat loss may be due to: • Natural causes like forest fire • Anthropogenic causes like deforestation, killing of animals etc. • Construction of dams & reservoirs, • Construction of highways & railway lines • Building of industries • Felling of forest trees etc.
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  THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY 2)Poaching of Wildlife: means illegal hunting of wild animals as a game or for the sake of animal products to be sold for money. • Despite ban smuggling of wildlife products like furs, hides, horns, etc. by mafia continues on a large scale, poaching of endangered species in the international market • Poaching of wildlife led to extinction of various species in the biosphere.
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  THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY 3)Man-Wildlife Conflicts: The encroachment of the natural habitats of wildlife by modern man, i.e. forest has shrunk. • The shrinkage has compelled the wild animals to move outside the forests and enter villages and towns around the forests and attack the agricultural fields, domestic animals, and sometimes, even human beings. • This has made the people, i.e. the villagers kill the wild animals that have strayed into their villages . The result is loss of wild animals. • Anthropogenic activities like developmental pressure, encroachment, over exploitation, faulty management of forests and wildlife, etc.have also led to man-wild life conflict.
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  THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY 4)Other Causes for Loss of Biodiversity: • Introduction of exotic species • Over-exploitation of natural resources like over-grazing, over-fishing etc. • Pollution specifically aquatic pollution • Disturbance in migratory routes of animals • Official laxity in the implementation of Wildlife Protection Environment Protection act.
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  ENDANGERED SPECIES • Endangeredspecies are those species of organisms that are in danger of extinction & whose survival is unlikely, if factors continue operating. These include : • Vulnerable species; those species that are likely to move into the endangered category in the near future, if the causal factors continue operating. • Rare species; are those species with a small populations that are not, at present , endangered or vulnerable, but are at risk. • Threatened species; refer to those species which are in one of the three categories, viz. endangered, vulnerable or rare.
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  ENDANGERED SPECIES OFINDIA • India has 154 species of animals regarded as endangered species. These include: • 53 species of insects • 69 species of birds • 29 species of reptiles and • 3 species of amphibians
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  ENDANGERED SPECIES OFINDIA • Some important endangered species of animals of india are; 1. Reptiles: Gharial, Green sea turtle, Tortoise and Python 2. Birds: Great Indian bustard, peacock, Pelican, Siberian White crane Great Indian hornbill, Pink-headed duck 3. Carnivores: Indian wolf, Red fox, Sloth bear, Red Panda, Tiger, Leopard, Striped hyena, Indian Loin, Golden cat, 4. Primates: Hoolock Gibbon, Loin-tailed macaque, nilgiri longur capped monkey, Golden monkey.
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  ENDEMIC SPECIES • Endemicspecies are species of organisms which are restricted to a particular area. These are species which exist only in certain conditions which are present in a definite area. • Endemic Species of India: out of total 81000 species of animals large number is endemic. About 62% amphibians & 50% lizards are endemic to Western Ghats. • Reticulated Python, Salamander, Varanus, Brown palm civet, Nilgiri, Thar, etc are some important endemic species of India. • Out of about 47000 species of plants , about 7000 species are endemic , usually restricted (62%) to Himalayas, Khasi Hills, Western Ghats. • Some important flora include; Sapria Himalayana, Uvalia lurida, Nephenthes, Khasiana, Pedicularis perrater, etc.
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  CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY •In-situ Conservation: The conservation of ecosystem and natural habitats, and maintenance and recovery of viable population of species in their natural surroundings and in the case of domesticated or cultivated species, in the surrounding where they have developed their distinctive properties. This means it is the conservation of biodiversity in its natural habitat. • Merits of In-situ conservation; 1. Cheap method for conservation 2. Convenient way for conservation of biodiversity 3. Factors detrimental to the existence of the species concerned can be eliminated
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  CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY •Ex-situ Conservation: It may be defined as the conservation of the components of biological diversity outside their natural habitats. This means maintenance and breeding of endangered plant and animals species under partially or wholly controlled condition. E.g. Zoos nurseries, laboratories etc. • Merits of Ex-situ conservation: 1. Conservation of crop varieties for future improvement programmes. 2. Plays important role in transfer desired traits in high yielding varieties • Demerits of Ex-situ Conservation: (1) Costly (2) Impossible to create ideal habitats outside their natural habitats.
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  THANK YOU